BACKGROUND Residents in nursing homes have a heightened risk of developing infections that should be treated with antibiotics. Inappropriate use of antibiotics may generate drug-related problems and increase resistance. In this study, we describe the use of antibiotics in nursing homes on the basis of prevalence surveys and drug sales statistics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five nursing homes in Osl...

Purpose: This research aims to identify key factors that influence physicians’ drug selection decisions as well as the main sources of information for physicians about new drugs and the most effective “reminder methods” used by pharmaceutical sales representatives. This study fills a gap within the existing literature by identifying the most important factors that affect physicians’ drug select...

In 2000, pharmaceutical companies spent more than 15.7 billion dollars on promoting prescription drugs in the United States [2]. More than 4.8 billion dollars was spent on detailing, the one-on-one promotion of drugs to doctors by pharmaceutical sales representatives, commonly called drug reps. The average sales force expenditure for pharmaceutical companies is $875 million annually [3]. Unlike...

OBJECTIVE This report updates our earlier work on the returns to pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) in the US (1980 to 1984), which showed that the returns distributions are highly skewed. It evaluates a more recent cohort of new drug introductions in the US (1988 to 1992) and examines how the returns distribution is emerging for drugs with life cycles concentrated in the 1990s versu...

In this paper we examined four different methods for time series forecasting: Random Forests, Gradient Boosting, Hidden Markov Models, and Recurrent Neural Networks. We found that using Gradient Boosting yielded the best results with root-mean-square percent error (RMPSE) of 10.439% (785 of 3429).

background good drug regulation requires an effective system for monitoring and inspection of manufacturing and sales units. in india, despite widespread agreement on this principle, ongoing shortages of drug inspectors have been identified by national committees since 1975. the growth of india’s pharmaceutical industry and its large export market makes the problem more acute.   methods the foc...

OBJECTIVE To assess and evaluate the drug storage quality and regulatory compliance among privately operated drug stores of Karachi Pakistan. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of drug stores located in Karachi was conducted from May to December 2013. A total of 1003 drug stores that were involved in the sales, purchase and dispensing of pharmaceutical products were approached by non-probabilit...