Using the Census data 1976-2006 besides HIES in 1984, this paper establishes that the “Iran’s Baby Boom” in the late 1970’s and the early 1980’s coincided with an increase in the number of marriages. In addition, the paper shows that different generations peaked their life cycle number of children over the same period, which increased their age specific fertilities and consequently TFR during t...

A fundamental feature of multicellular organisms is their ability to self-repair wounds through the movement of epithelial cells into the damaged area. This collective cellular movement is commonly attributed to a combination of cell crawling and "purse-string" contraction of a supracellular actomyosin ring. Here we show by direct experimental measurement that these two mechanisms are insuffici...

Starting from the dataset of the publication corpus of the APS during the period 1955–2009, we reconstruct the individual researchers trajectories, namely the list of the consecutive affiliations for each scholar. Crossing this information with different geographic datasets we embed these trajectories in a spatial framework. Using methods from network theory and complex systems analysis we char...

Starting from the dataset of the publication corpus of the APS during the period 1955-2009, we reconstruct the individual researchers trajectories, namely the list of the consecutive affiliations for each scholar. Crossing this information with different geographic datasets we embed these trajectories in a spatial framework. Using methods from network theory and complex systems analysis we char...

Design and implementation of an extensible data base management system supporting user dened data types and functions. [20] M. Stonebraker et al. Third generation data base system manifesto.

Driving Forces Behind Informal Sanctions This paper investigates the driving forces behind informal sanctions in cooperation games and the extent to which theories of fairness and reciprocity capture these forces. We find that cooperators’ punishment is almost exclusively targeted towards the defectors but the latter also impose a considerable amount of spiteful punishment on the cooperators. H...

Informal sanctions are a major determinant of a society’s social capital because they are key to the enforcement of implicit agreements and social norms. Yet, little is known about the driving forces behind informal sanctions. We systematically examine the determinants of informal sanctions by a large number of experiments. Our experiments allow us to identify the relative importance of three m...

Driving Forces Behind Informal Sanctions This paper investigates the driving forces behind informal sanctions in cooperation games and the extent to which theories of fairness and reciprocity capture these forces. We find that cooperators’ punishment is almost exclusively targeted towards the defectors but the latter also impose a considerable amount of spiteful punishment on the cooperators. H...

We know that historically, every nation connects its ideas for a happy future, first of all, with the younger generation. Proper upbringing young generation is one most important and urgent issues any country. Also, in all countries world, people are main driving forces socio-economic development, force behind reforms society at same time successor older Being dynamic group society, take an act...