Up until 2006 it was believed that most, if not all, small RNAs in RNA silencing were synthesized via members of the Dicer-like RNase III endonuclease family. In animals, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are cleaved from long double-stranded RNA by Dicer enzymes, and microRNAs (miRNAs) are released from genome-encoded stem-loop precursors through the sequential action of Droshas and Dicers. In p...

In filamentous fungi, gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) shapes many biological processes, including pathogenicity. Recently, fungal small RNAs (sRNAs) have been shown to act as effectors that disrupt activity in interacting plant hosts, thereby undermining their defence responses. We show here the devastating mycotoxin-producing ascomycete Fusarium graminearum ( Fg ) utilizes DICER-like...

Infection by viroids, non-protein-coding circular RNAs, occurs with the accumulation of 21-24 nt viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) with characteristic properties of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) associated to RNA silencing. The vd-sRNAs most likely derive from dicer-like (DCL) enzymes acting on viroid-specific dsRNA, the key elicitor of RNA silencing, or on the highly structured genomic RN...

OBJECTIVE To correlate different laboratory wear simulation protocols for three denture tooth materials with clinical wear results of the same materials. METHODS Three denture tooth materials were evaluated for which clinical wear data of posterior denture teeth were available: DCL (double cross-linked PMMA with organic fillers; Ivoclar Vivadent), experimental material EM (double cross-linked...

Individual modules intended for active segmented partitions should be carefully analyzed before they are advanced as viable tools for active sound transmission control. In this paper we present experimental evaluations of two vibration-controlled modules: a single-composite-leaf SCL configuration and a double-composite-leaf DCL configuration. Experimental apparatuses and procedures are introduc...

Arabidopsis encodes four DICER-like (DCL) proteins. DCL1 produces miRNAs, DCL2 produces some virus-derived siRNAs, and DCL3 produces endogenous RDR2-dependent siRNAs, but the role of DCL4 is unknown. We show that DCL4 is the primary processor of endogenous RDR6-dependent trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs). Molecular and phenotypic analyses of all dcl double mutants also revealed partially compensat...

BACKGROUND Damage control laparotomy (DCL) improves outcomes when used in patients with severe hemorrhage. Correction of coagulopathy with close ratio resuscitation while limiting crystalloid forms a new methodology known as damage control resuscitation (DCR). We hypothesize a survival advantage in DCL patients managed with DCR when compared with DCL patients managed with conventional resuscita...

A design method for a compact square loop antenna fed by a microstrip (MS) line for indoor digital television (DTV) applications is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a square loop, circular sectors, and an MS line. The square loop combined with circular sectors is printed on one side of a substrate, and a 75 ohm MS line is printed on the other side. The circular sectors are used as a w...

BACKGROUND AND METHODS Icodextrin 7.5% is an iso-osmolar, glucose polymer-containing peritoneal dialysis solution with an ultrafiltration potential similar to glucose 3.86%. We compared in an open, randomized, prospective study the ultrafiltration potential of icodextrin with that of glucose during the daytime dwell of 23 patients treated with automated peritoneal dialysis (CCPD). RESULTS Day...

Helicobacter pylori is associated with various diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as gastric inflammation and duodenal and gastric ulcers. The aim of the study was to assess anti-H. pylori effects of the sesquiterpene lactone dehydrocostus lactone (DCL) from Magnolia sieboldii leaves, compared to commercial pure DCL, two previously known sesquiterpene lactones (costunolide and p...