intramascular (im) administration of apomorphine (a mixed d1/d2 dopamine receptors agonist 0.2-1.6 mg/kg) induced pecking, a stereotype behavior in pigeons in a dose- dependent manner. in this study the effect of lithium (li+, 240 mg/kg, im) and ami-193 (a new 5-ht2 antagonist, 0.003 mg/pigeon) on apomorphine-induced peking (aip) were investigated. this study showed that li+ and ami-193 did not...

In the present study, interactions of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists with water swimming stress (WSS) on naloxone-induced jumping in morphine-dependent mice were examined. Mice were rendered dependent as described in the methods section. The opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (1 mg/kg), was injected to elicit jumping (as a withdrawal sign). The first group exposed to WSS in the pr...

Neuroprotection is the preservation of structure and function neurons from insults cellular injuries caused by a variety agents or neurodegenerative diseases. Medicinal plants possess neuroprotective effects via mechanisms that include inhibiting protein-based deposit accumulation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, correcting defects neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine dopamine [1-3]. Th...

Most life-long drug addiction begins during adolescence. Important structural and functional changes in brain occur during adolescence and developmental differences in forebrain dopamine systems could mediate a biologic vulnerability to drug addiction during adolescence. Studies investigating age differences in psychostimulant responses have yielded mixed results, possibly because of different ...

We are amidst a global addiction crisis, yet stigmas surrounding counterintuitively prevail. Understanding and appreciating the neurobiology of is essential to dissolve this stigma for development new pharmacological agents improve upon currently narrow therapeutic options. This review highlights evaluates dopamine-and-cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr 32 kDa (DARPP-32) as potential target trea...

Nausea and vomiting are mediated primarily by three neurotransmitter pathways: visceral stimulation releases dopamine and serotonin; vestibular and central nervous system activation release histamine and acetylcholine; and chemoreceptor trigger zone activation releases dopamine and serotonin. Clinicians can improve the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of treatments by targeting the appropri...

ntipsychotics have long been linked with hyperprolactinemia. This phenomenon was first considered a drug class effect, but the arrival of clozapine, better deliniation of dopamine receptor subtypes, and identification of the four principal CNS dopamine pathways revealed that hyperprolactinemia was not a universal consequence of antipsychotic use. We now know that most atypical antipsychotics ar...

L-tyrosine, B6 and folic acid are involved in biosynthesis of DOPA and consequently dopamine. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiparkinsonian effect of these agents in perphenazine-induced catatonia in rats. Murprogo method or scored muscular rigidity, which is induced by a phenothiazine, was used to evaluate the antiparkinsonian effect of these agents. A significant decrease in m...

DESCRIPTION Dopamine Hydrochloride and 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, prediluted solution of dopamine hydrochloride in 5% dextrose injection. It is administered by intravenous infusion. Dopamine, a sympathomimetic amine vasopressor, is the naturally occurring immediate precursor of norepinephrine. Dopamine hydrochloride is a white to off-white, crystalline powder, which ...