Kidney stones have been rising in prevalence in the United States and worldwide, and represent a significant cost burden. Cost effectiveness research in this area may enable improvements in treatment efficiency that can benefit patients, providers and the healthcare system. There has been limited research in the cost effectiveness of surgical interventions for stone disease, despite the diverse...

Introduction: Gall bladder is the most common surgically resected specimen as gallstones are one of major causes morbidity. There increasing incidence gall stones in India and more so North India. It can be due to changes life style such fat rich food sedentary style. Stones produce a wide variety mucosal ranging from inflammatory, metaplastic, dysplastic neoplastic lesions. Aim: This study was...

If you walk on the beach, may observe many kinds of stones diverse colors. Surprisingly, some these “stones” be algae! A certain type red algae creates structures called redstones, also known as rhodoliths. Rhodoliths are important builders and can create extensive banks at bottom oceans. These bioengineers an oasis for marine life. Marine worms, crabs, sea stars, example, live in However, huma...

1. Urinary stones 1.1 Pathogenesis 1.2 Classification of stones 1.2.1 Calcium stones 1.2.2 Uric Acid Stones 1.2.3 Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones, struvite or infection stones 1.2.4 Cystine 1.3 Risk factors 1.3.1 Non-genetic factors 1.3.1.1 Diet 1.3.1.2 Body size 1.3.1.3 Environment 1.3.2 Genetic factors 2. Other urological stones: Testicular microlithiasis 3. Biliary and gallbladder stones...

BACKGROUND To develop a method for systematic classification of gallbladder stones, analyze the clinical characteristics of each type of stone and provide a theoretical basis for the study of the formation mechanism of different types of gallbladder stones. METHODOLOGY A total of 807 consecutive patients with gallbladder stones were enrolled and their gallstones were studied. The material com...

urolithiasis has become a worldwide problem with the prevalence of the disease increasing over the past few decades. while various treatment modalities have evolved over the years, discrepancies exist regarding the clinical indications and the efficacy of each of these treatment options. in the present review, we aim to review the current treatment modalities for urinary tract stones to provide...