BACKGROUND Tiered pricing - the concept of selling drugs and vaccines in developing countries at prices systematically lower than in industrialized countries - has received widespread support from industry, policymakers, civil society, and academics as a way to improve access to medicines for the poor. We carried out case studies based on a review of international drug price developments for an...

Land use change is a major threat to global biodiversity. Forest species face the dual threats of deforestation and intensification of forest management. In regions where forests are under threat, rural landscapes that retain structural components of mature forests potentially provide valuable additional habitat for some forest species. Here, we illustrate the habitat value of traditional wood ...

the main objective of this article is to present a comparative study of capital assets pricing models (capm) with extrapolating capital assets pricing models (x-capm) of companies admitted in tehran exchange market which is accomplished for the first time by investigators of this research in iran. accordingly, the statistical population under study of this research includes all companies admitt...

tal hypertrophy (idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis). Am J Cardiol 35: 337, 1975 7. Tajik AJ, Giuliani ER: Echocardiographic observations in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc 49: 89, 1974 8. Rossen RM, Goodman DJ, Ingham RE, Popp RL: Ventricular systolic septal thickening and excursion in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 291: 1317, 1974 9...

Congress established Section 340B of the Public Health Service Act—commonly referred to as the 340B Drug Pricing Program—in 1992.1 The 340B Drug Pricing Program requires manufacturers to provide substantial discounts for sales of covered drugs to covered entities as a prerequisite to qualifying for Medicaid reimbursement. Covered hospitals and other covered entities must limit the use of discou...

For many years, notes Alex Piquero, youth of color have been overrepresented at every stage of the U.S. juvenile justice system. As with racial disparities in a wide variety of social indicators, the causes of these disparities are not immediately apparent. Some analysts attribute the disparities to "differential involvement"--that is, to differences in offending by minorities and whites. Other...

selection of appropriate strategies is one of the important principles to achieve profitability in the business models. one of the most important of these strategies, is use of appropriate pricing strategies in order to have the correct and satisfy product pricing process, the factors that affect pricing should be identify and control. plc as organizational factors affecting group is of the mai...

the option-pricing problem is always an important part in modern finance. assuming that the stock diffusion is a constant, some literature has introduced many stock models and given corresponding option pricing formulas within the framework of the uncertainty theory. in this paper, we propose a new stock model with uncertain stock diffusion for uncertain markets. some option pricing formulas on...