BACKGROUND Chemical and microbial quality of water used in hemodialysis play key roles in a number of dialysis-related complications. In order to avoid the complications and to guarantee safety and health of patients therefore, vigorous control of water quality is essential. The objective of present study was to investigate the chemical and bacteriological characteristics of water used in dialy...

After earthquakes, continuing dialysis for patients with ESRD and patients suffering from crush syndrome is the serious problem. In this paper, we analyzed the failure of the provision of dialysis services observed in recent disasters and discussed how to prepare for disasters to continue dialysis therapy. Japan has frequently experienced devastating earthquakes. A lot of dialysis centers could...

background: the presence of heavy metals in dialysis water which enters patients’ body through haemodialysis can cause various problems such as acute poisoning, brain damage, osteoarthritis etc. therefore, applying the standards for dialysis water is indispensable. this study was carried out to determine the heavy metals of the enterence water of dialysis machines and its comparison with aami a...

In 1972, Raij et al. reported the occurrence of circulating endotoxins in patients with febrile reactions at the end of dialysis sessions and, in parallel, high endotoxin levels in the dialysate w2x. Even nowadays, neither tap water nor purified water or dialysate are sterile. In more than 14 000 analysed water probes of city and village water systems in South-West Germany, 5.6% contained colif...

In hemodialysis, huge amounts of water are used for diluting the concentrates to produce dialysis fluid. The water is produced on site by reverse osmosis units. The chemical and microbiological quality of the water is essential for dialysis patients. Reverse osmosis units produce water of acceptable chemical quality that can be kept throughout the water system. The microbiological water quality...

Haemodialysis patients are at risk of poisoning by contaminants in dialysis fluid [1]; they are exposed to large volumes of water every time they dialyse, dialysis membranes offer a less effective barrier than the gastrointestinal tract and their renal failure renders them less able to eliminate toxins. Aluminium remains the classic example of such toxicity. Renal patients are also at risk of e...

INTRODUCTION Every week, haemodialysis patients are exposed to approximately 400 l of water used for the production of dialysis fluids which, albeit with the interposition of a semi-permeable artificial membrane, come into direct contact with the bloodstream. It is therefore clearly important to know and monitor the chemical and microbiological purity of dialysis water. METHODS In this review...

The term 'ultrapure water' is a common way to define water used for on-line treatments: it refers to the absence of chemical, organic and microbiological contamination. To be more accurate in definition, every known and potential contaminant has to be fixed at its limit value. AAMI recommendations and various Pharmacopoeias have set limits for dialysate based on traditional dialysis treatments,...

Treatment of renal failure by haemodialysis uses dialysis fluid to facilitate the normalization of electrolyte and acid base abnormalities and the removal of low molecular weight uraemic compounds present in the plasma such as urea. The dialysis fluid is a continuously produced blend of treated tap water and a concentrated solution containing electrolytes, buffer, and glucose. The water used or...

1. To study the effects of chloride depletion, without sodium depletion or change in plasma tonicity, on renal excretion of sodium and water, a single exchange peritoneal dialysis was performed in rats against a solution of glucose (15 g/1) containing either NaCl (150 mmol/l, control) or NaHCO3 (150 mmol/l, experimental); KHCO3 (4mmol/l)was added to both solutions. All rats were prepared before...