The aim of this work is to describe how diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) are being established and implemented in Switzerland. Several nationwide surveys are launched in order to determine the patient dose distributions for a number of CT and fluoroscopy examinations that will be used to set up the corresponding DRLs. Meanwile the european recommended DRLs are considered. When no European rec...

background with the increase of x-ray use for medical diagnostic purposes, knowing the given doses is necessary in patients for comparison with reference levels. the concept of reference doses or diagnostic reference levels (drls) has been developed as a practical aid in the optimization of patient protection in diagnostic radiology. objectives to assess the radiation doses to neonates from dia...

background: intraoral radiographies are the most frequent x-ray examinations in humans. according to international commission on radiation protection (icrp) recommendations, the selection of a diagnostic reference level (drl) should be specific to a country or region. critica l organs such as thyroid gland are exposed to x-rays in intraoral radiography and these exposures should be kept as low ...

background: computed tomography (ct) is main contributor of population dose from diagnostic x-ray examinations. children are more radiosensitive than adults, thus optimization of ct examination in these patients is essential. the purpose of this study was to evaluate dose delivered to pediatric patients’ undergoing ct examination of the common examinations and also establishing local diagnostic...

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent among female population globally. Therefore, early detection helpful for effective treatments and to reduce mortality rate. Mammography a radiological examination done with low-energy X-rays detect abnormalities in breast tissue. This study aims review literature evaluate techniques, protocols, conversion factors used determine diagnostic reference...