background: alveolar echinococcosis (ae) is a chronic, rare and sometimes lethal parasitic infection in humans, caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis. this study aimed to investigate the clinical aspects and treatment outcomes of patients with alveolar hydatid disease. methods: the medical records of patients with alveolar echinococcosis admitted between 199...

evidence acquisition an electronic search of available literature published was conducted in all peer-reviewed journal indexed in pubmed, scopus and google scholar. the literature search was done among articles related treatment of hepatitis c with daas in different patient groups with mass screening of the patients and cost benefit of new treatments as main key words. results there are major s...

introduction iran is amongst endemic countries for fasciola hepatica. individuals can become infected by consumption of contaminated uncooked green vegetables. in the chronic cases, symptoms are fever, vague abdominal pain with eosinophilia. patients sometimes have symptoms and signs of hepatobiliary involvements such as cholangitis and cholecystitis. case presentation here we present a unique ...

background: osteopoikilosis (opk) is a rare inherited condition of the bones, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait characterized by numerous hyperostotic areas that tend to localize in periarticular osseous regions. it is usually asymptomatic and is often diagnosed incidentally during x-rays made by other reasons. we present a case of 34-year-old man suffering from polyarthralgia and low ...

corneal transplantation is the most common and successful form of solid organ transplantation with a 2-year survival rate of over 90% in low risk cases. this high success rate may be due to the immune privileged status of the cornea, acaid (anterior chamber associated immune deviation) induction phenomena and secretion of inhibitory molecules by corneal cells such as il1-ra, il-1a and fas ligan...

multiple sclerosis (m.s) is one of the prevalent diseases of the central nervous system which cause disability in young adults. this appears as neural signs in different parts and various times. the main defect is local deterioration or destruction of myelin tissue in the brain and spinal cord. profound fatigue is one the most common symptoms of this disease. because ms is prevalent in middle a...

vertical root fracture (vrf) has been a great challenge in dentistry; most fractures often result in tooth extraction. inflammation of tissues around the fractured root is the main reason for tooth extraction. based on the strategic importance of some fractured teeth, treatment may be necessary and often complicated. however, performing a proper repair or even splinting the fractured segments m...

background: takayasu arteritis is a granulomatous vasculitis which mainly involves the large arterial vessels. the disease is rare and it is more common in females aged between 15-30 years old. in this paper, we report a case of takayasu arteritis in babol, north of iran. case presentation: a 22 - year old female was admitted to the department of infectious diseases of rouhani teaching hospital...

thin ewes or very over-conditioned ewes and ewes carrying multiple pregnanciesare more likely to develop pregnancy toxemia (ketosis). pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia and hyperketonemia resulting from incapacity of the ewes to maintain adequate energy balance (usually in the last 5-6 weeks).available information about pregnancy toxemia focuses mainly on pa...

chronic urticaria is defined as a skin disease with central induration (wheal) and erythema formation around it (flare) that appears at least twice a week and remains at least for 6 weeks continually. the incidence of urticaria in children is about 0.1-3%. most cases of chronic urticaria occur in children between 6-11 years. autoimmune and allergy immaturity is one of the reasons of lower incid...