OBJECTIVES In view of concerns expressed by South African local authorities the aim of this study was to develop a model to determine whether water fluoridation is economically viable to reduce dental caries in South Africa. METHODS Microsoft Excel software was used to develop a model to determine economic viability of water fluoridation for 17 water providers from all nine South African prov...

An energy storage system is critical for the safe and stable operation of a microgrid (MG) and has a promising prospect in future power system. Economical and safe operation of storage system is of great significance to MGs. This paper presents an improved management strategy for lithium battery storage by establishing a battery depreciation cost model and employing a practical charging/dischar...

Inferences about the economic cost of a product are frequently based on measures of historic cost. We examine a model in which a firm makes a sequence of overlapping capacity investments. Earlier research has identified particular accrual accounting (depreciation) rules which have the property that on a per unit basis the historic cost of a product captures precisely its marginal cost. Relative...

The efficiency results of marginal-cost pricing have been used to justify the imposition of regulatory policy tools to determine optimal pricing. In the more sophisticated form, Ramsey pricing methodology is recommended as a pricingpolicy tool. These methods are static. Nevertheless, they are applied to major infrastructure industries such as telecommunications. At best, these methods assume pr...

Distillation columns are complex processes for modeling and controlling. These columns are significant parts of most chemical industries for separation of components. Control of this process is essential for achieving certain purity for products with a minimum cost. However, nonlinearities, multivariable interaction, non-stationary behavior and severity of disturbances inside the column made th...