Ð We use Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) to compare ``poverty'' at two or more points in time within and between African countries. Our welfare measure is an index resulting from a factor analysis of various household characteristics, durables, and household headsÕ education. An advantage of this measure is that for intertemporal and intraregional comparisons, we need not rely on suspect p...

In NLP annotation, it is common to have multiple annotators label the text and then obtain ground truth labels based on major annotators’ agreement. However, are individuals with different backgrounds various voices. When annotation tasks become subjective, such as detecting politeness, offense, social norms, voices differ vary. Their diverse may represent true distribution of people’s opinions...

The Census Bureau used three methods to determine the nation’s population in 2000: the traditional headcount, the post-enumeration survey (Accuracy and Coverage Evaluation or A.C.E.), and Demographic Analysis (DA). The three estimates produced significantly different and confounding results. The divergence among the three — especially, the discrepancy between DA and the A.C.E. — is considered t...

To investigate the breeding structure in the Japanese Thoroughbred population, we applied a demographic analysis to the populations of foals produced from 1978 to 2005. The migration rate estimated from the proportion of foals produced by imported breeding horses was around 40% over the investigated period. After early 1990s, the migration rate through stallions imported from USA sharply increa...