khwaja nasīr al-dīn tūsī is accused, by many, of collaborating with the mongol invaders and legitimizing their domination (power). using the identity theory of manuel castells and discourse theory, the present essay hypothesizes that khwaja nasīr has tried to create iranian identity utilizing the archetypes of iranshahr and has founded a programmed identity that was later followed by other bure...

By the thirteenth century, philosophy, politics and occult science had become deeply entangled in Persianate Islamic world. Two of greatest luminaries this intellectual milieu were Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d.1210) Shihāb Yaḥyā Ibn Ḥabash Amīrak al-Suhrawardī (d.1191/2), who at one point fellow students philosophy under a certain Majd al-Jīlī Marāgha northeastern Iran. Both subsequently sought roya...

The advent of evolutionary medicine in the last two decades has provided new insights into the causes of human disease and possible preventative strategies. One of the strengths of evolutionary medicine is that it follows a multi-disciplinary approach. Such an approach is vital to future biomedicine as it enables for the infiltration of new ideas. Although evolutionary medicine uses Darwinian e...

in the timurid period, the emirs were mostly turkish-mongol and the viziers were iranian. the non-distinction between the civil and military affairs and the power and authority of the emirs and the attempts of the iranian bureaucrats in maintaining their own interests, had prepared the ground for the permanent conflict and competition between them. the long vizierate period of khawja qiyāth al-...

Abstract The article analyses the ways Ḥamīd al-Dīn Balḫī (d. 559/1164) adopted and adapted technique of earlier Arabic authors, most notably al-Ḥarīrī 516/1122), in his Persian maqāmas . It also emends traditional dating maqāma collection.