African history and world history each became substantial fields of historical study in the aftermath of the Second World War. African history organized rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, an era dominated by modernization-thinking. World history developed slowly until the 1990s, then quickly expanded and generated institutional homes in a time of globalization-thinking. This piece considers issues...

In Germany the performance of opening the electricity markets proves to be poor. While the sector’s productivity nearly doubled, the customers were left out in the cold. In actuality, the generated redistribution mass remained in the firms. There, the management used the threat of competition as an instrument for rationalisation and for the moderation of wage growth, while it simultaneously and...

In this discussion we will be confining ourselves to the causes of the war and the war itself. First, we will examine the background and events preceeding the war. Second, we will discuss the war itself, including a focus on some of the events which could have tipped the balance in favour of either side. Finally, we will briefly examine the immediate aftermath of the war, and the implications t...

Structural Breaks in the Real Exchange Rate Adjustment Mechanism Laurence Copeland and Saeed Heravi We show that the behaviour of the real exchange rates of the UK, Germany, France and Japan has been characterised by structural breaks which changed the adjustment mechanism. In the context of a Time-Varying Smooth Transition AutoRegressive of the kind introduced by Lundbergh et al (2003), we sho...

An important goal of an anonymity system is to hide the level of communication between two users, i.e., the number of messages one user sent to another. We construct an anonymity metric thatmeasures the extent towhich the system-wide communication pattern of all users of an anonymity system is hidden, among other possible patterns, in the aftermath of an attack. Ourmodel allows users to send or...

Significant changes in the global setting over the course of the last few decades resulted in an increasing prominence for the pursuit of transnational justice and individual accountability. The aftermath of the terrifying attacks on America on September