Background The present work evaluates the cross-reactivity of commercially available cyclic nucleotide analogs with cAMPand cGMP-immunoassays from Cayman, IBL (both IBL International, Hamburg, Germany) and ENZO Life Sciences (Loerrach, Germany). Results and conclusion Most of the tested cyclic nucleotide analogs showed low degree competition with the antibodies; however, with Rp-cAMPS, 8-Br-cGM...

The nature realizes stable biodiversity, even though it escapes naive theoretical predictions. Coexistence of competing species is known to be facilitated by, for example, structured populations, heterogeneous individuals, and heterogeneous environments, which in one way or another allow different species to survive in a segregated manner. In reality, individuals disperse and interact with each...

We study the stochastic evolution of four species in cyclic competition in a well mixed environment. In systems composed of a finite number N of particles these simple interaction rules result in a rich variety of extinction scenarios, from single species domination to coexistence between non-interacting species. Using exact results and numerical simulations we discuss the temporal evolution of...

Sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays have been developed for cyclic adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate (CAMP), cyclic guanosine 3’ ,5’-monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic inosine 3’ ,5’-monophosphate (cIMP), and cyclic uridine 3’, 5’monophosphate (cUMP). These assays are based upon competition of the cyclic nucleotide with isotopically labeled cyclic nucleotide derivatives for binding sites on specifi...

Fluorescence polarization studies were used to study the interaction of a fluorescein-labelled conjugate of the Escherichia coli cyclic AMP receptor protein (F-CRP) and RNA polymerase. Under conditions of physiological ionic strength, F-CRP binds to RNA polymerase holoenzyme in a cyclic AMP-dependent manner; the dissociation constant was about 3 microM in the presence of cyclic AMP and about 10...

Cyclic, nonhierarchical interactions among biological species represent a general mechanism by which ecosystems are able to maintain high levels of biodiversity. However, species coexistence is often possible only in spatially extended systems with a limited range of dispersal, whereas in well-mixed environments models for cyclic competition often lead to a loss of biodiversity. Here we conside...

The formation of out-of-equilibrium patterns is a characteristic feature of spatially extended, biodiverse, ecological systems. Intriguing examples are provided by cyclic competition of species, as metaphorically described by the 'rock-paper-scissors' game. Both experimentally and theoretically, such non-transitive interactions have been found to induce self-organization of static individuals i...