In the present study, the effects of intracuneiformis nucleus microinjection of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor agonist and antagonist on antinociception inducced by morphine were investigated with formalin test in rat. Intracuneiformis nucleus microinjection of morphine (10µgr/rat) and Bicuculline (50, 100 ng/rat) induced antinociception in the both first and second phases of formali...

Neuroimaging methods have so far identified various structures in the brain involved in the processing of pain and its control. However, our understanding of their anatomical connectivities is relatively weak. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a magnetic resonance imaging-based method, allows in vivo mapping of the anatomical connections in the human brain and was used to investigate the white ma...

Evidence from both human and animal studies has demonstrated a key role for brainstem centers in the control of ascending nociceptive input. Nuclei such as the rostral ventromedial medulla and periaqueductal gray (PAG) are able to both inhibit and facilitate the nociceptive response. It has been proposed that altered descending modulation may underlie many of the chronic pain syndromes (both so...

A B S T R A C TIntroduction: The nucleus cuneiformis (NCF) and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), two adjacent areas, mediate the central pain modulation and project to the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). Methods: This study examined whether the antinociceptive effect of morphine microinjected into the NCF is influenced by inactivation of vlPAG and NRM in rats. Animals were bilaterally micr...

Several lines of evidence over the last few years have been important in ascertaining that the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) region could be considered as a potential target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat freezing and other problems as part of a spectrum of gait disorders in Parkinson disease and other akinetic movement disorders. Since the introduction of PPN DBS, a variety of clin...

1. This study examined the inhibitory effects of conditioning stimuli delivered to the periaqueductal gray (PAG), nucleus cuneiformis (CU), nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NGC), and nucleus reticularis magnocellularis (NMC) on functionally identified neurons of the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn in chloralose-anesthetized or decerebrate cats. 2. Neurons were c...

Introduction: Although formalin-induced activity in primary afferent fibers and spinal dorsal ‎horn is well described, the midbrain neural basis underlying each phase of behavior in ‎formalin test has not been clarified. The present study was designed to investigate the nucleus ‎cuneiformis (CnF)‎‏ ‏neuronal responses during two phases after subcutaneous injection of ‎formalin into the hind paw...

The present study was performed to evaluate the analgesic effect of morphine microinjection into the cuneiformis nucleus (CnF) and the effect of inactivation of this area by lidocaine on pain modulation. Rats were anaesthetized by thiopental (45-60 mg/kg/i.p.) and placed in a stereotaxic instrument, and then a guide cannula was implanted just one mm above the CnF. Following surgery and recovery...

Alginates are one of the most important compounds brown seaweeds. These employed in food area, because their rheological properties, such as viscosity, gelling, and stabilizing features dietary fiber source. In this study, five species dominant seaweeds were collected Red Sea (Padina boergesenii, Turbinaria triquetra, Hormophysa cuneiformis, Dictyota ciliolata, Sargassum aquifolium) so to chara...