........................................................................................................ Vi. Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Review of Literature.............................................................................7 Chapter3: Methods..................................................

Pain management is a very important aspect in the intensive care unit (ICU), as adequate pain control has been shown to be associated with better clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. A Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) ranging from 0 to 10 (0, no pain; 10, maximum pain), which is based on a patient's self-report, is the gold standard for pain evaluation in patients who can communicate their...

abstract background: application of a reliable and authentic behavioral tool for measuring patients’ pain, hospitalized in intensive care units who are not able to establish relationship, is needed severely. therefore, this study is conducted with the aim of validating critical care pain observation tool (cpot) in patients hospitalized in surgical wards. materials and methods: cpot was first tr...

background critical-care patients are at higher risk of untreated pain, because they are often unable to communicate owing to altered mental status, tracheal intubation and sedation. objectives this study compared two pain assessment tools on tracheal intubated critically ill patients in a cardiac post-anesthesia care unit, who were unable to communicate verbally. the studied tools were “critic...

conclusions it appears that bis monitoring can be used for pain assessment along with the cpot tool in intubated patients, and it is much more sensitive than monitoring of hemodynamic changes. bis monitoring can be used more efficiently in intubated patients under deep sedation in the icu. materials and methods seventy consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass g...

OBJECTIVES The diagnosis of pain in patients with low consciousness is a major challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU). Therefore, the use of behavioral tools for pain assessment could be an effective tool to manage pain in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effects on pain management by nurses using a critical care pain observational tool in patients with a d...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare changes in pain, oxygenation, and ventilation following endotracheal suctioning with open and closed suctioning systems in post coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS 130 post CABG mechanically ventilated patients were randomly allocated to undergo either open (n = 75) or closed (n = 55) endotracheal suctioning fo...