multi-echelon inventory systems are one of the most important and attractive areas in modelling supply chain management so that several researches and studies have been done about. in this paper, the total cost function of a two-echelon inventory system with central warehouse and many identical retailers controlled by continuous review inventory policy is estimated. we have assumed the demand i...

The cash management of an automated teller machine (ATM) often combines a periodic review inventory policy with emergency orders, the latter according to a continuous review inventory policy. We present a simulation-based decision support system (DSS) that considers both regular (periodic) and emergency (continuous review) orders. This DSS was developed to assist an ATM’s manager in the selecti...

inventory control is one of the most important issues in supply chain management. in this paper, a three-echelon production, distribution, inventory system composed of one producer, a set of wholesalers and retailers is considered. costumers' demands can be approximated by a normal distribution and the inventory policy is a kind of continuous review (r, q). in this paper, a model based on ...

R etailers must constantly strive for excellence in operations; extremely narrow profit margins leave little room for waste and inefficiency. This article reports a retailer’s challenge to balance transportation, shelf space, and inventory costs. A retailer sells multiple products with stochastic demand. Trucks are dispatched from a warehouse and arrive at a store with a constant lead time. Eac...

Canada has a long history of welcoming immigrants and a longstanding immigration policy framework. The historic principles that govern immigration selection and processing also include regulatory policies in the area of health. Based on historical principles that pre-date Confederation, Canadian immigration health policy has remained relatively constant. Policies are based on the identification...

This article reviews fundamental economic concepts of enforcing environmental policies. It describes the basic economic theory of compliance with environmental regulations and reviews empirical tests of hypotheses that the theory produces. It also presents some conceptual notions about the efficient design of enforcement strategies. The article deals with enforcement of traditional command-and-...

In this paper we consider a two-level inventory system with one warehouse and one retailer with information exchange. Transportation times are constant and retailer faces independent Poisson demand. The retailer applies continuous review (R,Q)-policy. The supplier starts with m initial batches (of size Q), and places an order to an outside source immediately after the retailer’s inventory posit...

Inventory control is important in supply chain management. A great deal of research efforts have been devoted to it over a few decades. Previous researches always assume that the lead time is an exogenously parameter, and the unmet demand is backordered. However, these assumptions may not suit to the real environment. In this paper, a mathematical model regarding inventory control is set up for...

Traditionally, vertical integration has concerned industrial economists only insofar as it affects market outcomes, particularly prices. This paper considers reverse causality, from prices – and more generally, from demand – to integration in a model of a dynamic oligopoly. If integration is costly but enhances productive efficiency, then a trend of rising prices and increasing integration coul...