The effect of the line outage when rest system is stable called contingency study. on may be for single (N-1) or multiple lines (N-m) where N total number and m out service. study essential process in planning, operating control power systems. main thrust studies carried centers to determine steady state effects outages. Large systems require analysis all credible contingence within a very shor...

Analysis and interpretation of behavior-environment relations are increasingly being conducted with data that have been derived descriptively. This paper provides an overview of the logic that underlies a sequential analytic approach to the analysis of descriptive data. Several methods for quantifying sequential relations are reviewed along with their strengths and weaknesses. Data from descrip...

Contingency and accident are two important notions in philosophy and philosophical logic. Their meanings are so close that they are mixed sometimes, in both everyday discourse and academic research. This indicates that it is necessary to study them in a unified framework. However, there has been no logical research on them together. In this paper, we propose a language of a bimodal logic with t...

in he present study,i explain how the great logician qazwini, dabiran al-katibi (600-675 ad)questioned a well accepted “complete inclusion” rule with a counterexample in modal logic (concearning with, possibility and contingency).this rule demonstrates a vise versa relation between contradictories of two universal concepts when a “complete inclusion” relation exists between them.two letters by ...

This article provides a complete axiomatization for strong non-contingency logic over Euclidean frames, whose completeness proof is nontrivial. Our result answers an open question raised in [3].

The “planning as satisfiability” approach for classical planning establishes a correspondence between planning problems and logical theories, and, consequently, between plans and models. This work proposes a similar framework for contingency planning: considering contingent planning problems where the sources of indeterminism are incomplete knowledge about the initial state, non-inertial fluent...

Aristotelian diagrams, such as the square of opposition, are well-known in context normal modal logics (i.e., systems logic which can be given a relational semantics terms Kripke models). This paper studies diagrams for non-normal (based on neighborhood semantics, topologically inspired generalization semantics). In particular, we investigate phenomenon logic-sensitivity diagrams. We distinguis...

In this paper, we propose a new neighborhood semantics for contingency logic, by introducing a simple property in standard neighborhood models. This simplifies the neighborhood semantics given in Fan and van Ditmarsch [4], but does not change the set of valid formulas. Under this perspective, among various notions of bisimulation and respective Hennessy-Milner Theorems, we show that c-bisimulat...