The Human Health Assessment Group has over the past decade recommended that effect studies be conducted in the circumpolar area. Such studies examine the association between contaminant exposure in the Arctic populations and health effects. Because foetuses and young children are the most vulnerable, effect studies are often prospective child cohort studies. The emphasis in this article is on a...

Eutrophication and contamination by toxic organic pollutants are the major problems in water quality management. Despite the fact that both problems have been subjected to extensive research and modelling, they have traditionally been treated separately. Because the models used are single-issue models, many interactions between nutrient cycles and organic contaminant fate and effect are missed....

The paper presents a GIS based spatial decision support system for modelling contaminant intrusion into water distribution system. Three models have been developed to simulate the process and risk of contamination. A seepage model predicts the contaminant zone of pollution sources and the change of concentration during migration through soil. A pipe condition assessment model ranks the conditio...

Lifetime contaminant and hormonal profiles have been reconstructed for an individual male blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus, Linnaeus 1758) using the earplug as a natural aging matrix that is also capable of archiving and preserving lipophilic compounds. These unprecedented lifetime profiles (i.e., birth to death) were reconstructed with a 6-mo resolution for a wide range of analytes including ...

In this chapter we review and discuss the commonly used phrase or concept "bioavailability". This concept is key to Risk Assessment as it assesses what proportion of a contaminant present at a contaminated site is available for uptake by organisms and is thus potentially able to cause harm. Whilst this is a relatively straightforward concept the reader will discover that in reality life is not ...