We adapt a general method to solve both the full and reduced Salpeter equations and systematically explore the conditions under which these two equations give equivalent results in meson dynamics. The effects of constituent mass, angular momentum state, type of interaction, and the nature of confinement are all considered in an effort to clearly delineate the range of validity of the reduced Sa...

The systematic approach to study bound states in gluodynamics is presented. The method utilizes flow equations together with low-energy phenomenology, that provides the perturbative renormalization scaling in conjuction with the change of the basis to constituent gluon states. The renormalized effective Hamiltonian of gluodynamics up to the second order is obtained at low energies, which provid...

The systematic approach to study bound states in gluodynamics is presented. The method utilizes flow equations together with low-energy phenomenology, that provides the perturbative renormalization scaling in conjuction with the change of the basis to constituent gluon states. The renormalized effective Hamiltonian of gluodynamics up to the second order is obtained at low energies, which provid...

The systematic approach to study bound states in gluodynamics is presented. The method utilizes flow equations together with low-energy phenomenology, that provides the perturbative renormalization scaling in conjuction with the change of the basis to constituent gluon states. The renormalized to the second order effective Hamiltonian of gluodynamics is obtained at low energies, which provides ...

In this paper, a study on the vibration of thin cylindrical shells made of a functionally gradient material (FGM) composed of stainless steel and nickel is presented. The effects of the FGM configuration are taken into account by studying the frequencies of two FG cylindrical shells. Type I FG cylindrical shell has nickel on its inner surface and stainless steel on its outer surface and Type II...

Neural networks produce electrical activity that is generated by the biophysical properties of the constituent neurons and synapses. Mathematical equations can be used to describe the electrical activity of neurons and neural networks and the underlying biophysical properties. These equations give rise to computational models of neurons and networks that can be analysed using mathematical techn...

In this article, the axisymmetric mechanical buckling of thin cylindrical shell made of functionally graded material (FGM) is considered. The governing equations for a thin cylinder based on the first-order shell theory and Timoshenko's assumptions are obtained. The equations are derived using the Sanders simplified kinematic relations and the principle of work and energy. The constituent mater...

A mesh-free method based on moving least squares approximation (MLS)  and weak form of governing equations including two dimensional equations of motion and Maxwell’s equation is used to analyze the free vibration of functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) beams. Material properties in beam are determined using a power law distribution. Essential boundary conditions are imposed by the...

Beyond the defective structures (or inhomogeneities) occurring in bodies made of a single constituent, composite materials may exhibit different kind defectivity arising from fact that, even if each constituent is defect-free, incompatibility between them detectable entity. After defining rigorous tensorial measure density these defects, law for its material evolution proposed whose driving for...