This article considers relief from directors' duties to avoid trading whilst insolvent during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia and Germany. Comparative insolvency law literature traditionally compares jurisdictions such as United Kingdom New Zealand. However, Germany has a track record of using manage social economic crises. The German approach suggests solutions critical issues not dealt wit...

The article analyzes the specifics of void and voidable transactions, which are types invalid transactions. disputable agreements discussed specific examples given. views scientists on classification transactions analyzed. author divides contested agreements, basis disagreement, into following groups: illegality their content; fact that individuals legal entities concluding it not entitled to c...

This paper considers coercion contracts in voting systems with end-to-end (E2E) verifiability. Contracts are a set of instructions that an adversary can dictate to a voter, either through duress or by offering payment, that increase the probability of a compliant voter constructing a vote for the adversary’s preferred candidate. Using a representative E2E system, we place the attacks in game-th...

the kind of contracts of government and public organisations that relates public affaires, that named public or administrative contracts , are very important to fulfil legal duties of government, and public contracts are new forms of providing public welfare, and management of public services, that are based on consenting instead of being authoritarian, but had been studied less in iran law bec...

This Essay considers the substantive and institutional aspects of an economic theory of contract regulation. It lists the various functions that analysts have assigned to contract regulation and briefly discusses the substantive wisdom and institutional feasibility of performing those functions. The essay tentatively concludes that the state should enforce contracts, supply vocabularies that ar...

A very rich and reliable bookie posts odds on a horse race. He values a contract which pays a pound of gold if Stewball wins at one ounce of gold. He values a contract which pays a pound of gold if Molly wins at one ounce of gold. He will buy or sell these contracts in any quantity at what he considers the fair price or better. Suppose that he also deals in contracts which pay a pound of gold i...