Many previous studies have found associations between poor cognitive function and schizophrenia. However, the majority of these studies used retrospective data, leading to the possibility of selection and recall biases. Retrospective studies are also unable to distinguish whether cognitive deficits exist prior to the onset of schizophrenia, suggesting that they are important in etiology, or fol...

The development of basic physical qualities should be based on knowledge the laws body’s development, impact exertion capabilities functional systems, and ensure economical adaptation to various types muscle activity. principle heterochrony organism is main provisions age-related physiology, which allows reasonably solving task education conscript students. Conclusions. process formation long-t...

Since Adam Smith, most economists have held that a professional army is superior to a conscript army, thanks to benefiting from comparative advantage and specialization. We summarize recent literature on the benefits and costs of military draft, with a special emphasis on its dynamic effects on human capital formation. Empirical evidence refutes the claim that the economic costs of the draft wo...

This article discusses another dimension in the discussion about Pancasila, which aims to create a conducive climate establishing social order society. Many Muslim scholars see Pancasila as best interpretation, aligns with values of holy book Islam. has significant role maintaining integrity Indonesian state and opposing disintegration. In fragile situation, pressure maintain unity is increasin...

This article develops an analytical model of force composition that combines the advantages conscription with those all-volunteer force. Using Israel as a hypothesis-generating case study, it argues mandatory military service has undergone changes centered on five key organizing principles: selective conscription, early discharges, elongated lengths service, forms voluntary and differing pay-sc...

The Samnites were an Iron Age population that shifted from warlike mountain dwellers to the largest sociopolitical unit of central Italy, able to dispute with Rome the domination over the peninsula. Archaeological and historical evidence suggests that this major shift in the scale of conflict may have involved a reorganization of the military system, which changed from an elite militia to a con...