Very large urban centers are a conspicuous feature of many developing economies, yet the subject of the size distribution of cities (as opposed to such issues as rural-urban migration) has been neglected by development economists. This article argues that some important insights into urban concentration, especially the tendency of some developing countries to have very large primate cities, can...

In this paper, we use a unique dataset on the distribution of output and demand across regions of the United States to estimate trade costs for 969 service and manufacturing industries. Our estimation method is a natural extension of the gravity model of trade and identifies trade costs in the absence of trade data. The estimated trade costs are higher on average for service industries, but the...

This article explores two neglected questions: (1) Does the relationship between hospital concentration and costs vary between urban and rural markets? and (2) Do hospital costs in non-metropolitan areas vary with rurality? Covariance model results using 1992 data reveal that: (1) Although metropolitan and urban markets exhibit a negative relationship between hospital average costs and market c...

BACKGROUND I.v. 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) is frequently used to treat ED patients with acute alcohol intoxication despite the lack of evidence for its efficacy. OBJECTIVE The study aims to compare treatment with i.v. normal saline and observation with observation alone in ED patients with acute alcohol intoxication. METHODS A single-blind, randomised, controlled trial was conduct...

this research aims to study the relationship between the components of quality costs and quality in company. the relationship between the components of quality costs and quality in company has been studied separately for materials, manpower, machinery, and whole of company. in this study, traditional method was used to collect quality costs and paf model was used to determine the components of ...

this paper investigates the effects of advertising, profitability, concentration and research & development on the market share of iranian great food and beverage industries during the period of 2000-2011. for this purpose, we used the more than 50 employee's statistics of industrial 4- digit firms and panel data technique for estimating the model. the main results of this paper reveal that, th...

this study aimed at identifying components of the household health costs.this study was a qualitative research conducted in two main phases. the first phase consisted of interviews with sample households selected in eight provinces of iran. they were to identify components of the household health costs. in the second phase, components were determined as direct, indirect and intangible based on ...

I investigate the e¤ects of switching costs on the market outcome in network industries using a dynamic duopoly model of price competition in the presence of an outside option. I …nd that the role of switching costs depends on network e¤ects and the outside option. Without a viable outside option, high switching costs can neutralize the tendency towards high market concentration associated with...