A central theme in neural coding concerns the role of response variability and noise in determining the information transmission of neurons. This issue was investigated in single cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus of barbiturate-anesthetized cats by quantifying the degree of precision in and the information transmission properties of individual spike train responses to full field, binary (...

We study the joint problem of scheduling passenger and freight trains for complex railway networks, where the objective is to minimize the tardiness of passenger trains at station stops and the delay of freight trains. We model the problem as a mixed integer program and propose a twostep decomposition heuristic to solve the problem. The heuristic first vertically decomposes the train schedules ...

These articles discuss Earth's many dynamic processes and their interactions.

These articles discuss Earth's many dynamic processes and their interactions.

Train dispatching is critical for the punctuality and reliability of rail operations, especially for a complex rail network. This paper develops innovative integer programming models for the problem of train dispatching on an N-track network by means of simultaneously rerouting and rescheduling trains. Based on a time-space network modeling framework, we first adapt a commonly used big-M method...