• ABSTRACT The schedule and budget constraints of commercial product development make field research difficult to justify and integrate into the product lifecycle. As a result, commercial products do not always benefit from the unique and rich qualitative data obtained from field research methods. This paper describes guidelines for applying field research methods successfully in industry, incl...

Manufacturers and their distributors must cope with an increased flow of returned products from their customers. The value of commercial product returns, which we define as products returned for any reason within 90 days of sale, now exceeds US $100 billion annually in the US. Although the reverse supply chain of returned products represents a sizeable flow of potentially recoverable assets, on...

It is widely accepted that users should be involved in interactive systems development. However, involving users is often difficult and quite rare in software development organizations, especially in the context of product development, referring to the development of commercial software products or systems. This paper critically examines the position of user involvement in three software develo...

The paper is a case study of customer-initiated software product development. We have observed and participated in system development activities in a commercial software house (company) over a period of two years. The company produces project-planning tools for the oil and gas industry, and relies on interaction with customers for further development of its products. Our main research question ...

Objective(s): Nanomaterials, especially silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), are employed in an increasing number of commercial products. This has led to an ever growing exposure of human beings to this substance. The first purpose of the Nano Committee of Food and Drug Administration of The Islamic Republic of Iran (IFDA) is developing guidelines to assess and approve commerci...