11 Viral coinfection is a common across taxa and environments. Coinfection can enable 12 genetic exchange, alter the dynamics of infections, and change the course of viral 13 evolution. Despite the importance of coinfection to viral ecology and evolution, the 14 factors that influence the frequency and extent of viral coinfection remain largely 15 unexplored. Here I employ an extensive data set...

conclusions prevalence of hiv/hcv coinfection is considerably low in turkey. the extremely rare prevalence of idu might have a role in this low prevalence. background rate of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) varies in different countries. this may be attributable to common transmission routes as well as social, economic, and cultural factors. objec...

OBJECTIVE Many fundamental patterns of coinfection (multi-species infections) are undescribed, including the relative frequency of coinfection by various pathogens, differences between single-species infections and coinfection, and the burden of coinfection on human health. We aimed to address the paucity of general knowledge on coinfection by systematically collating and analysing data from re...

Two or more viruses infecting the same host cell can interact in ways that profoundly affect disease dynamics and control, yet the factors determining coinfection rates are incompletely understood. Previous studies have focused on the mechanisms that viruses use to suppress coinfection, but recently the phenomenon of enhanced coinfection has also been documented. In the experiments described he...

Despite the ability of primate lentiviruses to prevent infected cells from being reinfected, cell coinfection has occurred in the past and has shaped virus evolution by promoting the biogenesis of heterozygous virions and recombination during reverse transcription. In vitro experiments have shown that cell coinfection with HIV is more frequent than would be expected if coinfection were a random...

An important aspect of monitoring, further timely and effective treatment HIV-TB coinfection is correct diagnosis based on comprehensive clinical, laboratory instrumental studies. Many factors play a role in the development tuberculosis HIV-infected people, but key quite elements are study genetic markers biomarkers inflammation. A number studies have been carried out inflammatory markers, IL-6...

BACKGROUND Naturally occurring coinfections of pathogens have been reported in salmonids, but their consequences on disease resistance are unclear. We hypothesized that 1) coinfection of Caligus rogercresseyi reduces the resistance of Atlantic salmon to Piscirickettsia salmonis; and 2) coinfection resistance is a heritable trait that does not correlate with resistance to a single infection. M...

conclusions infection with hmpv and rsv are most frequent infections among pediatric patients with respiratory tract symptoms. coinfection with these viruses may exacerbate the clinical symptoms and increase hospitalization rates, especially in children younger than one year old. results the hmpv and rsv were detected in 44 (15.7%) and 84 (30.0%) samples, respectively. coinfection with both vir...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are 2 major causes of chronic viral hepatitis. It is still unclear how HCV coinfection affects HBV replication and clinical outcomes in HBV/HCV coinfected patients.We conducted a longitudinal study, which enrolled 111 patients with HBV/HCV coinfection and 111 propensity score-matched controls with HBV monoinfection. Both groups had ...

Leishmania/HIV coinfection is a new clinical form of leishmaniasis that has been reported in more than 35 countries [1,2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 39.5 million people are infected by HIV worldwide and that one-third of them live in Leishmania-endemic regions [1,2]. Most of the reported Leishmania/ HIV coinfections were among patients infected with viscerotropic parasi...