the present study investigated the effects of first record of co-infection of three clinostomum sp.; clinostomum complanatum (rudolphi, 1819), c. tilapiae (ukoli, 1966), and euclinostomum hetereostomum (1809) in tilapia zilii. there was differential parasitic effects resulting in selection for relatively better adaptiveness to host's microhabitats, more population size, and frequent host locati...

background hiv/aids and tuberculosis (tb) are major contributors to the burden of disease in sub-saharan africa. the two diseases have been described as a harmful synergy as they are biologically and epidemiologically linked. control of tb/hiv co-infection is an integral and most challenging part of both national tb and national hiv control programmes, especially in contexts of instability wher...

background and aims: many studies have provided evidence for the role of hepatitis b and c viruses in the development of liver cancer. although the routine treatment is available for both conditions, no definite guideline is available to treat patients dually infected with hbv and hcv. this study was performed to determine the frequency of hbv/hcv-coinfection in mashhad, north-east of iran. mat...

conclusions although several studies have investigated viral respiratory co-infection, no study has evaluated the rate of respiratory co-infections in adenovirus-positive samples from children younger than 5 years. however, this study has filled this gap, the the number of co-infections were too small to draw any definite conclusions. therefore, large-scale studies using bigger samples are requ...

objective: despite sensitive antibody based blood donor screening, infection can be transmitted during window period. therefore sensetive methods bosed on nucleic acid tests (nats) have been considered. the aim of this project was to design a more sensitive method for detection of pcr products and diagnosis of hiv-1/hcv co-infection accurately. materials and methods: after designing specific p...

background: mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis (mvl) is an infectious disease that affects both human and ani­mals. domestic dogs ( canis familiaris ) are principal reservoir hosts of mvl caused by leishmania infantum . dogs are definitive hosts for neospora caninum and a risk factor for infecting intermediate hosts. the immunosuppression caused by visceral leishmaniasis (vl) can promote the ...

BIV is a well-known bovine immunosup-pressive cause, but its pathogenesis has not been well characterized. It seems that it is possible that cofactors such as co- infection with other bovine viral pathogens may play a role in enhancing the pathogenesis of BIV infection; BVDV also has immunosuppressive effects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was determination of possible correlation between BI...

conclusions chronic meningitis in immunocompromised hosts can be due to more than one pathologic etiology and we should do all diagnostic evaluation to rule out all possible differential diagnosis. introduction cryptococcal meningitis is a rare disorder that is caused by cryptococcus neoformans in immunocompromised host. case presentation the case was a 64-year-old man with a history of stem ce...