Shales are defined as fine-grained terrigenous sediments and rocks that contain 50% or more of terrigenous, and generally argillaceous, clastic components less than 0.062 mm in size. In the shales, clay-size components often dominate their rock properties, such as density, plasticity, parting, compatibility and swelling. Generally the size boundary between clay and silt is 4μm, but most clay mi...

Building stones and clay-rich Nile mud were ancient Egypt’s main raw construction materials. While the mud was easily accessible along the Nile river valley, the immense quantities of the different stone materials used for construction of the famous pyramids, precious temples and tombs needed a systematic quarrying organization, well arranged transport logistics over extreme distances and a hig...

Until recently, discoloration of the denim garment has been carried out through various methods including mechanical, chemical, physical and enzymatic treatments. In this study, the nano clay was co-applied in bio stone washing of denim with cellulase to obtain denim garment with a new look and clear effluent. Acid and neutral cellulases along with nano clay were applied on the dyed denim fabri...

• Clay swelling damage is an important weathering mechanisms affecting building stones. Wetting/drying cycles result in swelling/shrinkage of clays and crack development. The different models proposed to explain clay are reviewed. Traditional conservation treatments generally fail stop or mitigate damage. Promising methods inhibitors bacterial mineralization. Significant progress the understand...

Using pottery clay, porous ceramic stones were molded and then decorated with copper sub-microparticles inside the pores. Copper added antimicrobial functionality to the clay-based ceramic and showed ability in disinfecting water. Populations of both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae in contaminated water were reduced by >99.9% in 3 h when exposed to an antimicrobial stone. This a...

For thousands of years man had been taking refuge in the caves or under the trees to safe himself from the devastating effects of natural forces. For a long time the idea of making shelters like huts or rooms never struck his mind. Although building material like clay, stone boulder, or river pebbles, were lying all round him but, he even, accidentally, did not attempt to erect any kind of shel...

Exclusion and not using of rangeland in the long term affects the composition and homogeneity of vegetation and consequently leads to the improvement of plants status. In this study, the characteristics and structural changes of the rangeland of Gonbad, Hamadan province, Iran, in 2014 (after 20 years of enclosure) were evaluated using Braun-Blanquet plot, Phytosociology and multivariate analysi...

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE May consist of lightweight aggregates are used in ordinary concrete of coarse aggregate and sand, clay, foamed slag, clinker, crushed stone, aggregates of organic and inorganic. It used in different common shapes such as light weight aggregate concrete [1], concrete without fine [2] or concrete with bubble [3]. It is replaced by normal concrete in several applications becau...