Civilians are not just passively static but might purposefully take actions to help one side in a battle. Sometimes civilians might directly join one side if they are excessively agitated by the other side. In this paper, a three-player attrition-type discrete time dynamic game model is formulated, in which there are two opposing forces and one civilian player that might be neutral, biased, or ...

When revolutionaries or insurgents, broadly defined, indiscriminately attack civilians, they generally attack “complicitous civilians,” i.e., those categories of noncombatants which the revolutionaries see as benefiting from, supporting and/or having a substantial capacity to influence the states that the revolutionaries are attempting to displace or overthrow. Such “categorical” terrorism will...

Sir,?As a layman, I.suppose it is. altogether out of order for me to invite the hospitality of your columns on the subject of artificial legs, but as seldom a day passes without my receiving letters of inquiry from civilians who have had the misfortune to lose a leg, I thought I might, as a thoroughly contented wearer of an artificial leg (above knee amputation), be forgiven for intruding. All ...

Throughout history ways have been sought to limit the effects of war and protect civilians by regulating how wars are fought. Yet one need only look at the conflicts in Syria, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Libya and Yemen to see the challenges these efforts continue to face. Conflicts such as these – and the loss of life, dignity and livelihoods that they cause – compel us to ask w...

Five studies demonstrated that people selectively use general moral principles to rationalize preferred moral conclusions. In Studies 1a and 1b, college students and community respondents were presented with variations on a traditional moral scenario that asked whether it was permissible to sacrifice one innocent man in order to save a greater number of people. Political liberals, but not relat...

BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been identified in 12% to 20% of noninjured veterans and in 32% of combat casualties. Eight percent of the US general population experience PTSD symptoms, whereas 25.5% of civilians with major burns have PTSD. Known predictors of physical outcomes of patients with burn are age, total body surface area (TBSA) burned, and Injury Severity Score (...

OBJECTIVE To examine the link between different weapons used in modern wars and their potential to injury civilians. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data about hospital admissions. SETTING Hospitals of the International Committee of the Red Cross. SUBJECTS 18 877 people wounded by bullets, fragmentation munitions, or mines. Of these, 2012 had been admitted to the ...

BACKGROUND Little is known about health and health behavior differences among military service veterans, active duty service members, National Guard/Reserve members, and civilians. Several important differences were identified among U.S. women from these subpopulations; to identify areas for targeted intervention, studies comparing men from these subpopulations are needed. PURPOSE To compare ...