Performance and Counter-Power (1): The Civil Rights Movement and the Civil Sphere1 Sociologists have written much about the social forces that create conflict and polarize society, about the fragmenting structures and compelling powers of political, economic, racial, ethnic, religious, and gender groups. But they have said very little about the construction, destruction, and reconstruction of c...

Several of the Middle East’s traditional economic institutions hampered its political development by limiting checks on executive power, preventing the formation of organized and durable opposition movements, and keeping civil society weak. They include Islam’s original tax system, which failed to protect property rights; the waqf, whose rigidity hampered the development of civil society; and p...

As institutions are created to engage citizens and civil society organizations more directly, who participates, and what effect does participation have? This article explores two of Peru’s participatory institutions, the Regional Coordination Councils and the participatory budgets, created in 2002. Specifically it asks, once these institutions are set up, do organizations participate in them? a...

1. 1. 1. 1. General introduction General introduction General introduction General introduction Since the late 1990s, a series of papers published in leading economics and finance journals contain evidence for a significant impact of institutions on financial and economic development (e. this literature, high-quality institutions cause financial development. In turn, financial development is a ...

the study aimed at a critical assessment of the environmentalism components introduced in the civil engineering curriculum in india polytechnic colleges (state of tamilnadu) and associate degree level technical institutions in iran .the objective of study was to compare technical education curriculum in civil engineering with respect to environmentalism. both qualitative and quantitative techni...

Arrangements for sharing political power serve three purposes: to give all relevant groups access to important political decisions; to partition the policy process, thereby granting groups relevant autonomy; and to constrain holders of political power from abusing authority. A new global dataset of political power sharing institutions, 1975–2010, is introduced here, disaggregated these along th...

Using panel data this paper examines the effects of institutions on the success of reforms and integration in the Maghreb. Institutional quality measures are developed using fuzzy-set based transformations of civil liberties and political rights. We posit that these transformations are quite appropriate given the nature of freedom indicators. We show that using fuzzy-set transformed measures pr...

This conceptual paper introduces the important link between law and knowledge resources. We analyse the three key types of institutions: common law, civil law, and social norms, conventions and how they define the nature of property rights for knowledge resources and assets. Knowledge, because of its intangible nature and value, raises fundamental issues of, measurement and property rights that...

Today, the concept of civil society in country is presented this article from a modern point view, at political, social, international, and international levels, other values ​​of life, democratic laws, separation powers, legal opposition, multi-party system, people, associations, groups, political social freedoms, etc. Criticism very valuable has been studied through topical issues. The author...