This is a collection of problems composed by some participants the workshop “Differential Geometry, Billiards, and Geometric Optics” that took place at CIRM on October 4–8, 2021.

The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) was created by a California ballot initiative to make stem cell research a constitutional right, in response to Bush administration restrictions on stem cell research. The initiative created a taxpayer-funded, multibillion-dollar institution, intended to advance public health by developing cures and treatments for diabetes, cancer, paral...

Unified Parallel C (UPC) extends the C programming language (ISO C 99) with explicit parallel programming support for the partitioned global address space (PGAS), which provides a global memory space with localized partitions to each thread. Like its ancestor C, UPC is a low-level language that emphasizes code efficiency. The absence of dynamic (and static) safety checks allows programmer overs...

Application of process-based models at different spatial scales requires their proper parameterization. This task is typically executed using trial-and-error parameter adjustment or a probabilistic method. Practical application the methods hampered by methodological complexity and lack interpretability. Here we present novel approach for parameterization that call as conditional interval refine...

Spiking neural network (SNN) based on sparse trigger and event-driven information processing has the advantages of ultra-low power consumption hardware friendliness. As a new generation networks, SNN is widely concerned. At present, most effective way to realize deep through artificial (ANN) conversion. Compared with original ANN, converted suffers from performance loss. This paper adjusts spik...