The aim of this study was to assess the computed tomography angiography (CTA) manifestations of collateral circulations in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). Eighty patients with BCS were examined by CT scan. Using the CTA images of the relevant blood vessels, including the affected hepatic veins (HVs) and inferior venae cavae (IVCs), the collateral circulations were reconstructed. In ad...

Conditional Symmetric Instability (CSI) and Delta-M adjustment have both been suggested as possible mechanisms to explain the slantwise circulations that lead to two-dimensional precipitation bands near midlatitude cold fronts. Previous work has shown how the initial state required for CSI to occur is similar to the state produced as a result of Delta-M adjustment. An idealized dry numerical mo...

A sequence of direct simulations is used to study mechanisms for the growth of secondary circulations and turbulence in stratified shear flows. Five cases are examined, of which four deliver Holmboe waves as the primary instability and the fifth generates Kelvin-Helmholtz billows. Secondary circulations range in strength from weak, laminar motions to turbulence that destroys the parent wave. Pr...

Diagnoses of circulations in the vertical plane provide valuable insights into aspects of the dynamics of the climate system. Dynamical theories based on geostrophic balance have proved useful in deriving diagnostic equations for these circulations. For example, semi-geostrophic theory gives rise to the Sawyer-Eliassen equation (SEE) that predicts, among other things, circulations around mid-la...

Three dimensional fields of radiative heating and cooling rates have been calculated from satellite observations of temperature, ozone and water vapour distributions in the stratosphere between November 1978 and May 1979. Error analysis shows that these fields are accurate to within <20% over the entire stratosphere. Zonal-mean cross-sections are broadly similar to other recent calculations. Ne...

OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion by preeclamptic placentas. STUDY DESIGN Cotyledons of six, term, normotensive and ten, pre-eclamptic placentas were dually perfused for six hours (6h), with MgSO(4) (6-7 mg %) in the maternal reservoir [normotensive (n = 3); pre-eclamptic (n = 5)], and with control medium (witho...

Abstract Blood flow through a vascular bed is usually determined by the pressure gradient across it and diameter of precapillary resistance vessels. Special circulations have additional specific features blood control. Several organs control their supply autoregulation. Coronary linked to myocardial oxygen consumption, primarily metabolic mechanism. Increases in demand or decreases cau...