opium use is one of the most common forms of substance abuse in iran and there are some evidence indicating it is a risk factor of transitional cell carcinoma (tcc) of the urinary bladder. the majority of opium users are also cigarette smokers, so consideration of the high prevalence of smoking which is the most important risk factor of tcc of the urinary bladder among opium users is essential ...

conclusions present study showed that the prevalence of smoking in men is very high in this region of iran. therefore to prevent the problem it is necessary that educational and research centres and health providers make suitable policies and strategies . results mean (standard error) age of starting to smoke was 20.21 (0.6) years and females had started smoking 4 years later (p = 0.01). during...

conclusions although the prevalence of regular smokers among health professions students of mums was lower than general populations, but this level is still alarming and points at the rapid growth of cigarette use, especially among female students. medical schools should work harder to tackle this phenomenon and address it more efficiently in their curricula. results among the students, 18.3% r...

the objectives of this work were to study the association of maternal smoking habits with stillbirths, abortions, neonatal deaths, birth weights, placental weights and the outcomes on the 28(th) day of life.a questionnaire was developed and completed with the hospitals' recorded data collected over a period of 5 years from 47,000 babies born in several hospitals in ontario, canada. the mothers ...

this paper seeks to understand the politician economy implications of nicotine addiction in iran, focusing on the us office of foreign asset control’s (ofac) awarding of iran operations licenses to american tobacco companies. presuming that tobacco taxes, levied both as import duties and ad valorem, would financially benefit the iranian government, such the introduction of a highly desired us p...

Background: Cigarette butts have been shown to release numerous kinds of chemicals such as heavy metals in water and may be a continual source of aquatic environments contamination after discarding. The objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of Cd and Pb in cigarette filters of different Iranian and non-Iranian brands in smoked and non-smoked samples. Methods: Ten d...

a cross-sectional survey was conducted .using a modified questionnaire for the study of cigarette smoking prevalence in khalkhal city, iran, during may-â june 1999. a simple random sample with size 260 was selected for this study. all of the students in the sample completed a questionnaire. the results showed among 260 students, 104 of them (40%) experienced at least once cigarette smoking and ...

Electronic cigarette has been said to be a less harmful substitute for traditional tobacco cigarette, customized e-liquid offers various flavors and unique experience smokers. Different from electronic uses heater atomizer heat aerosolize the e-liquid. The study composition its combustion product are flourishing thanks developing analysis instruments methods. However, volatile property, influen...

background : the objective of this study was to describe cigarette smoking prevalence among adults in lebanon and to evaluate the profile of light cigarette smokers compared to never and heavy smokers. methods : data were taken from a cross-sectional study carried out from october 2009 to september 2010, using a multistage cluster sampling all over lebanon. lebanese residents aged 40 years and ...

aim and background: every year, smoking and its related diseases account for the death of at least four million people around the world. this risky behavior is growing among young educated people. the present study examined factors affecting medical students’ tendency of to smoke. methods and materials: this cross-sectional study included 305 medical students in isfahan university of medical sc...