vesico-ureteral reflux (vur) is presented in approximately %1 of children and is associated with an increased risk of pyelonephritis and renal scarring. despite its prevalence and morbidity, many aspects of vur diagnosis and treatment are controversial. we objectively assessed the published data; the data base for many current diagnoses and treatment patterns of vur is limited. recent studies h...

sions for diarrhoea. Came to hospital at 3 A.M. on 20th January 1891, and died at 8 A.M. the same morning. The symptoms were : Hurried, troubled breathing, intense pain over heart, cyanosis and rapid death. Post-mortem.?Rigidity. Cicatrix of a bubo in left groin. Lungs.?Pigmented, engorged with blood, crepitant. Heart.?Old whitish deposit of lymph is noted in pericardium, three similar spots on...

BACKGROUND An open access technique might reduce severe vascular and visceral injuries. An open access technique through the umbilical cicatrix tube has been developed as a routine method with the goal to be easy, safe and used by all surgeons in patients without a previous midline incision. AIM To evaluate the open technique in a prospective study in 100 consecutive laparoscopic operations r...

as follows. About thirteen mouths ago while on a journey, he happened to break one of the glasses of his master's lantern, and accidently trod on the pieces during the night, which resulted in a wound on the plantar aspect of the foot (the cicatrix of which he still bears) between the bases of the 1st and 2nd metatarsal bones, and a " great loss of blood." Being under the impression that he was...

"2. They are not usually accompanied by haemorrhage unless in the zone of inflammation which surrounds them, although congestion and punctiform extravasation are possibilities in the early stages. "3. They are veritable necroses, the necrotic changes within them resembling those which follow the total abstraction of the blood supply in other parts of the body. " 4. They are in course of time ab...

1. Aliau, agea zo years, was aumittea into the Ghazipur Dispensary on 23rd September 1884. He first got symptoms of stone when about 10 years old. In 1879 he was lithotomised in this hospital; the cicatrix was apparent, but the hospital records for the year in question were not forthcoming. After a year's freedom the symptoms recurred ; lie had recently suffered much and looked very ill. On pas...