We have described previously (1) the study in vitro of a series of analogues and homologues of choline as substrates for the enzyme choline dehydrogenase. These compounds consisted of methylated and ethylated products, both simple and mixed, of ethanolamine, 1-aminopropanol-3, 2-amino-2-methylpropanol-1, 1-aminopropanol-2, and 2-amino-2-methyl1,3-propanediol, together with the parent amines. Of...

Rat liver choline dehydrogenase has been known for many years to be one of the “cytochrome-reducing dehydrogenases” (1). Although it is functionally and structurally linked to the respiratory chain and acts without the mediation of readily dissociable coenzymes (2)) the cytochrome components linking choline dehydrogenase to oxygen have not been established. The purpose of this investigation was...

Rat liver choline dehydrogenase has been known for many years to be one of the “cytochrome-reducing dehydrogenases” (1). Although it is functionally and structurally linked to the respiratory chain and acts without the mediation of readily dissociable coenzymes (2)) the cytochrome components linking choline dehydrogenase to oxygen have not been established. The purpose of this investigation was...

We studied the effects of oral administration of RU38486, a potent and selective glucocorticoid antagonist, on muscle weight, non-collagen protein content, and selected enzyme activities (choline acetyltransferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutamine synthetase) following denervation of rat skeletal muscle. Neither decreases in muscle weight, protein content, and choline acetyltran...

The results of liver perfusion experiments of Guggenheim and Loeffler (2) suggested that choline is oxidized to betainealdehyde (formylmethyltrimethyl ammonium ion). The products of reactions in vitro (3-6) exhibited the properties of betainealdehyde and betaine. It was shown that these products are formed by two enzymes of rat liver (7), choline oxidase of mitochondria (8, 9), and betainealdeh...

Ethoxy (EO) chain nonylphenol dehydrogenase (NPEO-DH) from Ensifer sp. AS08 and EO chain octylphenol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida share common molecular characteristics with polyethylene glycol (PEG) dehydrogenases (PEG-DH) and comprise a PEG-DH subgroup in the family of glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases that includes glucose/alcohol oxidase and glucose/choline dehydrogena...

When exposed to high osmolarity, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) restores its growth and establishes a new steady state by accumulating the osmoprotectant metabolite betaine. Effective osmoregulation has also been implicated in the acquirement of a profound antibiotic resistance by MRSA. Betaine can be obtained from the bacterial habitat or produced intracellularly from choli...

The role of glycine betaine and choline in osmoprotection of various Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Agrobacterium, and Bradyrhizobium reference strains which display a large variation in salt tolerance was investigated. When externally provided, both compounds enhanced the growth of Rhizobium tropici, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Sinorhizobium fredii, Rhizobium galegae, Agrobacterium tumef...