If the electromagnetic field of a uniformly accelerated charge is computed by means of Liknard-Wiechert potentials, it is found that the result does not correspond to a single source. Besides the original uniformly accelerated charge there is also a second charge, which is spread on a plane recessing in the opposite direction with the velocity of light. The work performed by this second charge ...

The propagation of influenza A virus depends on the balance between the activities of hemagglutinin (HA) for binding to host cells and neuraminidase (NA) for releasing from infected cells (HA-NA balance). Since the host cell membrane and the sialic acid receptor are negatively charged, the amino acid substitutions increasing (charge+) and decreasing (charge-) the positive charge of HA subunit 1...

We develop a scaling theory of polyelectrolyte adsorption at an oppositely charged surface. At low surface charge densities, the thickness of the adsorbed layer is determined by the balance between electrostatic attraction to the charged surface and chain entropy. At high surface charge densities, it is determined by the balance between electrostatic attraction and short-range monomer-monomer r...

The charge and baryon balance functions are studied in the co-alescence hadronization mechanism of quark-gluon plasma. Assuming that in the plasma phase the q ¯ q pairs form uncorrelated clusters whose decay is also uncorrelated, one can understand the observed small width of the charge balance function in the Gaussian approximation. The coalescence model predicts even smaller width of the bary...

Charging and coagulation influence one another and impact the particle charge and size distributions in the atmosphere. However, few investigations to date have focused on the coagulation kinetics of atmospheric particles accumulating charge. This study presents three approaches to include mutual effects of charging and coagulation on the microphysical evolution of atmospheric particles such as...