Fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs) are novel tissues that have been reported in the mesenteric and mediastinal fat tissue of mouse human. It plays role progression respiratory intestinal inflammation parasitic infestations. However, their occurrence chicken air sacs adipose has not yet identified. Here we investigated distribution FALCs (cervical, clavicular, thoracic, abdominal) healthy ...

Using gross dissections and computed tomography we studied the lungs of juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Our findings indicate that both the external and internal morphology of the lungs is strikingly similar to the embryonic avian respiratory system (lungs + air sacs). We identified bronchi that we propose are homologous to the avian ventrobronchi (entobronchi), later...

INTRODUCTION Conservative treatment of a heterotopic cervical pregnancy was performed with a modification of the fixation of a Foley catheter at the level of the external cervical os, followed by the ligature of the descending cervical branches of the uterine arteries and systemic methotrexate application. CASE PRESENTATION A 34-year-old Caucasian woman was diagnosed with double gestation aft...

A Holstein heifer with symptoms of dystocia was admitted in the Large Animal Clinic at the University of Tabriz. In the vaginal examination, the fetus was found at posterior presentation and by doing someobstetrical maneuvers, a male calf was delivered. An interesting phenomenon was the presence of two skinsacs in dimensions of 12 × 12 cm and 12 × 18 cm at the right and left upper cervical regi...

BACKGROUND Living birds possess a unique heterogeneous pulmonary system composed of a rigid, dorsally-anchored lung and several compliant air sacs that operate as bellows, driving inspired air through the lung. Evidence from the fossil record for the origin and evolution of this system is extremely limited, because lungs do not fossilize and because the bellow-like air sacs in living birds only...

Cystic cervical hygroma or cervical cystic lymphangioma is a congenital benign disease of the lymphatic system that is characterized by the accumulation of lymph in the jugular lymphatic sacs of the nuchal region. The factor that causes this pathology is not clarified yet but the physiopathological mechanism seems to be multifactorial. The incidence and prevalence of cervical hygroma are increa...

Postcranial pneumaticity has been reported in numerous extinct sauropsid groups including pterosaurs, birds, saurischian dinosaurs, and, most recently, both crurotarsan and basal archosauriform taxa. By comparison with extant birds, pneumatic features in fossils have formed the basis for anatomical inferences concerning pulmonary structure and function, in addition to higher-level inferences re...

BACKGROUND This retrospective study investigated an association between preoperative T1 slope and surgical and adjacent segment degeneration (SASD) after Bryan cervical disc arthroplasty (BCDA) in patients with cervical degenerative disc disease. METHODS Based on preoperative standing lateral radiographs, 90 patients were classified according to T1 slope that was higher or lower than the 50th...

Unabsorbed yolk sacs are being investigated as a possible reservoir for internal Campylobacter and salmonellae contamination of processed poultry carcasses. However, it is unknown at what frequency that unabsorbed yolk sacs persist at the time of processing of broilers and spent breeders. Seven sets of 100 broiler carcasses (at 6 or 8 wk of age) were obtained from commercial processing plants. ...