anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant manner of inner distress, often accompanied by nervous behavior. anxiety is related to the particular behaviors of fight or flight responses. the amygdala, the insula and anterior cingulate cortex seem to be critical, and all three have been referred to as the fear network .the amygdala which plays a fundamental role in neural network of fear...

The central extended amygdala is an evolutionarily conserved set of interconnected brain regions that play an important role in threat processing to promote survival. Two core components of the central extended amygdala, the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) are highly similar regions that serve complimentary roles by integrating fear...

there is strong evidence that two cerebral hemispheres are differentially involved in emotional memory and that amygdala is a key subcortical structure for emotional experience. the present research investigated the possible involvement of lateralization of basolateral amygdala (bla) and central amygdala (cea) in place avoidance memory. for this purpose, male long-evans rats (280-320 g) were im...

BACKGROUND The amygdala is a forebrain region, which is known as a modulator of pain sensation. The amygdala, particularly the central nucleus, has high concentrations of enkephalins relative to dynorphins and has high concentrations of opioid receptors. We here studied the role of central nuclei of amygdala in morphine antinociception. METHODS In this study, we used 130 male Wistar rats (200...

Abstract Teleost fish exhibit extraordinary cognitive skills that are comparable to those of mammals and birds. Kin recognition based on olfactory visual imprinting requires neuronal circuits were assumed be necessarily dependent the interaction mammalian amygdala, hippocampus, isocortex, latter being a structure teleost lacking. We show teleosts—beyond having hippocampus pallial amygdala homol...

The reinforcement omission effect (ROE) has been attributed to both motivational and attentional consequences of surprising reinforcement omission. Recent evidence suggests that the basolateral complex of the amygdala is involved in motivational components related to reinforcement value, whereas the central nucleus of the amygdala is involved in the processing of the attentional consequences of...

BACKGROUND Pain is associated with affective, cognitive and sensory dysfunction. Animal models can be used to observe ethologically relevant behaviours such as thigmotaxis, giving insight into how ongoing sensory abnormalities influence natural rodent behaviours. The amygdala is a complex group of nuclei implicated in the integration and generation of emotional behavioural responses, including ...

Introduction: Aggressive behavior is a major issue in the field of mental health. Pharmacotherapy is often used for the treatment of violent individuals. A neurochemical system most consistently linked with aggression is the GABAergic system. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the effect of muscimol (GABAA agonist) 250 and 500 ng/rat and picrotoxin (GABAA antagonist) 1.5 and...

In mammals, the central extended amygdala shows a highly complex organization, and is essential for animal survival due to its implication in fear responses. However, many aspects of its evolution are still unknown, and this structure is especially poorly understood in birds. The aim of this study was to define the central extended amygdala in chicken, by means of a battery of region-specific t...