In the United States, much social and environmental legislation required of nonfarm firms has eluded the farming industry. For the most part, the US government has used the “carrot” of payments rather than the “stick” of regulation to correct externalities in farming. Agriculture also has received large income transfers and favorable tax treatment to save family farms. The nation might have bee...

Stability of collusion in differentiated oligopolies is studied without symmetry restrictions on the available strategies. It is demonstrated that if the number of firms is sufficiently large, two-phase stick-and-carrot punishment schemes apply at the highest possible discount rate with respect to collusion on the joint profit-maximizing output. If stick-and-carrot punishment schemes are used, ...

This commentary is a brief response to Nir Eyal's argument that health policies should not make healthy behaviour a condition or prerequisite in order to access healthcare as it could result in the people who need healthcare the most not being able to access healthcare. While in general agreement due to the shared concern for equity, I argue that making health behaviour a condition to accessing...

Abstract This essay summarises my PhD thesis composed of four chapters, which deal with various aspects social identity in 19th century Germany. The first chapter analyzes the effect nation-building cities that became part Prussia 1815. second investigates Bismarck’s carrot and stick policies on electoral success socialist party. third studies “China shock” globalisation (1880–1913)—the “grain ...

Figure 1: Regulation of food intake by negative valence and positive valence appetitive systems, visceral aversive pathways, and the relationship with homeostatic deficit. Negative valence appetitive systems (e.g., AGRP neurons) are under homeostatic control, but AGRP neurons are rapidly inhibited by cues that predict food, thus consumption is associated with the positive valence system. Positi...

The Big Carrot: High Stake Incentives Revisited This paper provides an empirical demonstration of high stakes incentives in relation to religious practice. It shows that, when both positive (carrot) and negative (stick) incentives are available, the former are more effective than the latter. Specifically, it is shown that beliefs in heaven are much more relevant than beliefs in hell when estima...

Abstract Credibility has been used to explain theories of deterrence and cooperation in international relations. In the peacekeeping environment, for what purposes should credibility be built how can it signaled? Despite being listed by UN as a success factor peace operations, our understanding remains limited focused on deterrence. This article argues that operations must both purposes. Drawin...