Since the introduction of extremely intense X-ray free electron lasers, need for low noise, high dynamic range and potentially fast charge integrating detectors has increased significantly. Among all problems that research development groups have to face in such detectors, their calibration represents one most challenging collaboration between detector user is fundamental importance. The main c...

When using optical methods turbidity is one of the main hindrances to achieving good imaging and ranging qualities in underwater applications of remote sensing, ROVs and instruments. This paper gives the principles of operation and design of an optical turbidity meter. The operation of the meter is based on illuminating the medium with light of selected wavelengths and then measuring the backsc...