OBJECTIVES The role of angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor stimulation in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance is still unclear. Therefore we examined the possibility that direct AT(2) receptor stimulation by compound 21 (C21) might contribute to possible insulin-sensitizing/anti-diabetic effects in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with PPARγ activation, mainly focusing on adipose tissue. METHODS ...

Angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor stimulation has been linked to vasodilation. Yet, AT(2) receptor-independent hypertension and hypotension (or no effect on blood pressure) have been observed in vivo after application of the AT(2) receptor agonist compound 21 (C21). We, therefore, studied its effects in vitro, using preparations known to display AT(2) receptor-mediated responses. Hearts of...

BACKGROUND In a previous study we demonstrated that central administration of compound 21 (C21), a nonpeptide AT2R agonist, inhibited sympathetic tone in normal rats. In this study, we hypothesized that C21 exerts a similar effect in rats with coronary ligation-induced heart failure (HF). METHODS C21 was intracerebroventricularly infused for 7 days by osmotic mini pump. Blood pressure (BP) an...

Abstract Multi-infarct dementia (MID) is described as a chronic progressive decline in cortical cognitive function due to the occurrence of multiple infarcts cerebral vascularization throughout gray and white matter. Current therapies MID mostly focus only on slowing down progression symptomatic medications. A novel therapy which able provide both preventive curative properties for high interes...

We recently reported that angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential against prostate cancer via the reduction of androgen receptor (AR) expression. In this study, we investigated the effects of the angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2R) agonist Compound 21 (C21), which is expected to play similar roles to an ARB, on prostate carcinogenesis using ...

Here, we report a synthesis of the lower half C21-C40 fragment of the shellfish toxin, azaspiracid-1. The C28-C40 fragment was synthesized by a coupling between the C28-C35 epoxide and the C36-C40 dithioacetal anion, followed by the HI-ring spiroaminal formation. An aldehyde corresponding to the C28-C40 fragment was then coupled with the C21-C27 allylic stannane by using InCl3. Finally, the FG-...

The renin-angiotensin system has a central role in the regulation of blood pressure and water balance. It is also a main target in the treatment of hypertension. Angiotensin II has 2 major receptors, the type 1 (AT1R) and the type 2 receptor (AT2R), both coupled to G proteins. Adverse vascular remodeling observed in cardiovascular diseases is attributed to AT1R, and a large number of relatively...

The renin-angiotensin system has a central role in the regulation of blood pressure and water balance. It is also a main target in the treatment of hypertension. Angiotensin II has 2 major receptors, the type 1 (AT1R) and the type 2 receptor (AT2R), both coupled to G proteins. Adverse vascular remodeling observed in cardiovascular diseases is attributed to AT1R, and a large number of relatively...

The renin-angiotensin system has a central role in the regulation of blood pressure and water balance. It is also a main target in the treatment of hypertension. Angiotensin II has 2 major receptors, the type 1 (AT1R) and the type 2 receptor (AT2R), both coupled to G proteins. Adverse vascular remodeling observed in cardiovascular diseases is attributed to AT1R, and a large number of relatively...

The renin-angiotensin system has a central role in the regulation of blood pressure and water balance. It is also a main target in the treatment of hypertension. Angiotensin II has 2 major receptors, the type 1 (AT1R) and the type 2 receptor (AT2R), both coupled to G proteins. Adverse vascular remodeling observed in cardiovascular diseases is attributed to AT1R, and a large number of relatively...