Monitoring of butterflies is most often only directed towards the grassland fauna. Species associated with other vegetation types, as well as the impact of the surrounding landscape, often become neglected. The aim with this study was, in contrast, to perform a novel landscape-based monitoring method for butterflies in diverse vegetation types and more specifically (i) evaluate the impact of en...

28 Butterflies and moths are subject to different evolutionary pressures that affect several aspects 29 of their behaviour and physiology, particularly sexual communication. Butterflies are day30 flying insects (excluding hedylids) whose partner-finding strategy is mainly based on visual 31 cues and female butterflies having apparently lost the typical sex pheromone glands. Moths, 32 in contras...

As landscapes change, mobility patterns of species may alter. Different mechanistic scenarios may, however, lead to particular patterns. Here, we tested conflicting predictions from two hypotheses on butterfly movements in relation to habitat fragmentation. According to the resource distribution hypothesis, butterflies in more fragmented landscapes would have higher levels of mobility as resour...

To test if migratory monarch butterflies use polarized light patterns as part of their time-compensated sun compass, we recorded their virtual flight paths in a flight simulator while the butterflies were exposed to patches of naturally polarized blue sky, artificial polarizers or a sunny sky. In addition, we tested butterflies with and without the polarized light detectors of their compound ey...

during the study of butterflies of bangladesh (insecta: lepidoptera) which carried out since june 2014 to march 2016, several expeditions were made by the authors in the different areas of bangladesh and many butterfly species were collected and identified. among them, five species namely, zezius chrysomallus hübner, 1823, rapala tara de niceville, 1988, cethosia biblis fruhstorfer, 1912 and at...

Eyespot patterns of nymphalid butterflies are an example of a novel trait yet, the developmental origin of eyespots is still not well understood. Several genes have been associated with eyespot development but few have been tested for function. One of these genes is the signaling ligand, wingless, which is expressed in the eyespot centers during early pupation and may function in eyespot signal...

Butterfly eyes consist of three types of ommatidia, which are more or less randomly arranged in a spatially regular lattice. The corneal nipple array and the tapetum, optical structures that many but not all butterflies share with moths, suggest that moths are ancestral to butterflies, in agreement with molecular phylogeny. A basic set of ultraviolet-, blue- and green-sensitive receptors, encou...

Trying to get the nursery proper and all of blooming plants—bright colors, heady smells, early summer at its best—Mona almost walked past his table. It was one those fold-up numbers with foldout legs. Portable. Impermanent. The young man standing behind table dressed in a gray plaid shirt tucked into neatly ironed chinos, hair cut but not too short or neat.Maybe I should stop see what he's abou...

Butterfly Effect is a 3D puzzle game using augmented reality. The key motivation was to create a game that leverages the structure of the physical world during gameplay without requiring the computer to have a detailed model of the space. The butterflies are virtual, but the space the player navigates is physical. The player travels her environment, collecting the butterflies. For butterflies t...

Santiago Ramón y Cajal had referred to neurons as the 'mysterious butterflies of the soul.' Wings of these butterflies--their dendrites--were traditionally considered as passive integrators of synaptic information. Owing to a growing body of experimental evidence, it is now widely accepted that these wings are colorful, endowed with a plethora of active conductances, with each family of these b...