A non-ideal osmotic equilibrium equation is proposed as a replacement for the Boyle van't Hoff equation to describe the equilibrium volume of a living cell as a function of external osmolality. Contrary to common understanding, the Boyle van't Hoff equation is only thermodynamically correct for ideal, dilute solutions. However, the Boyle van't Hoff equation is commonly used to determine the osm...

In his famous partial dissent in the LeRoy Fibre 2 case, Justice Holmes conceptualized the shift from an absolutist understanding of property fights to a "bundle of rights" approach that permits removal of particular entitlements without harming the remaining interests of the owner. Recognizing that law focuses on differences ofdagree, Holmes posited that an individual's property entitlements c...

The role of complement during the invasion of red blood cells by Plasmodiummerozoites is an enticingfield of study that has great potential to impact not just our overall understanding of how the parasite interacts with the human host but also guide future efforts in the development of efficacious malarial vaccines. The complexity of parasite and host interactions during the invasion of red blo...