Over 30,000 French scientists have signed an online petition to " save research " set up last month, with a pledge to stop their administrative duties unless the government starts listening to their complaints about funding. There is one signature for every minute that has passed since the petition — aiming to save the French public research base from the latest cuts imposed by the government —...

Neural networks were inspired by biological nervous systems, and are composed of many simple computational elements operating in parallel. In this study, the basic concepts of neural networks are introduced, and the workings of these systems are explained. Many process systems are not amenable to mathematical modelling, as they may be too complex to be understood or represented in simple terms....

As the oven temperature is raised at a reproducible rate, analytes are eluted and the areas under the chromatogram are recorded. Boiling points are assigned to the time axis from a calibration curve, known as the boiling-point distribution curve, based on a known mixture of normal paraffin hydrocarbons over a fixed range. These paraffin hydrocarbons serve as markers, which identify the time tha...