Metabolic heat production (calculated from oxygen consumption), dry heat loss (measured in a calorimeter) and body temperature (measured by telemetry) were recorded simultaneously at 6 min intervals over five consecutive days in rats maintained in constant darkness. Robust circadian rhythmicity (confirmed by chi square periodogram analysis) was observed in all three variables. The rhythm of hea...

Despite smaller physiological variations (circadian changes, ovulatory cycle, exercise, etc.), deep body temperature is relatively stable (depending on species) due to regulatory processes (Fig. 1). Core temperature is one of the components of milieu intérieur, similarly to other components it contributes to the stability of physiological functions. The basic physiological regulation is determi...

The thermoneutral zone is defined as the range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature solely through regulating dry heat loss, i.e., skin blood flow. A living body can only maintain its core temperature when heat production and heat loss are balanced. That means that heat transport from body core to skin must equal heat transport from skin to the environment. T...

INTRODUCTION It is generally agreed that man’s adaptations to the heat are well developed, conversely when naked in the cold his physiological adjustment very poor. It could also be argued that humans are historically tropical as: They rely on physiological adjustment in the heat but behavioral adjustments in the cold. The thermo-neutral ambient temperature for nude humans and the temperature n...

Previous studies report greater postexercise heat loss responses during active recovery relative to inactive recovery despite similar core temperatures between conditions. Differences have been ascribed to nonthermal factors influencing heat loss response control since elevations in metabolism during active recovery are assumed to be insufficient to change core temperature and modify heat loss ...

Studies have reported that older females have impaired heat loss responses during work in the heat compared to young females. However, it remains unclear at what level of heat stress these differences occur. Therefore, we examined whole-body heat loss [evaporative (HE) and dry heat loss, via direct calorimetry] and changes in body heat storage (∆Hb, via direct and indirect calorimetry) in 10 yo...

in this paper, a new systematic design methodology has been developed for thes imultaneous energy and water minimization in multiple-contaminant systems that also feature maximum re-use of water. in addition to allowing re-use of water in multiple-contaminant systems, issues about heat losses and flowrate changes inside unit operations have also been incorporated in this new design method. to i...