Although the central nervous system (CNS) is separated from the immune system by bloodbrain barrier and traditionally considered “immune priviledged”, our immune cells are capable of targeting the brain, leading to the development of CNS autoimmune disorders. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one such autoimmune disorder of the CNS in which myelin components are particularly targeted by the immune sys...

RAPOPORT, STANLEY I., MASAHARU, HORI, AND IGOR KLATZO. Testing of a hypothesis for osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier. Am. J. Physiol. 223(Z) : 323-331. 1972.-It is hypothesized that some concentrated solutions open the blood-brain barrier to the Evans lllue-albumin complex by shrinking barrier cells and opening up the spaces between them. Four experimental criteria are required if the ...

Metronidazole is a commonly used antibiotic with potent activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is believed to cross bloodbrain-barrier and penetrate central nervous system easily. While metronidazole is fairly safe and well tolerated, it can rarely cause serious neurological adverse events, including peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar dysfunction, ototoxicity, seizures, visual impa...

Receptor-mediated drug delivery is a Trojan horse approach for the release of therapeutics into cells, tissues, or organs. By coupling drugs to ligands of cell surface receptors, ligand-drug conjugates can accumulate in specific tissues and can be internalized by cells through the mechanism of receptor-mediated endocytosis.1 Receptors targeted in this way include the low-density lipoprotein (LD...

onstrated no signs of infection and laboratory studies did not reveal a source of infection. Scattered cerebral infarction from arterial air emboli was unlikely because no evidence of ischemia was detected on a diffusion-weighted MRI. The timing of cortical blindness in our patient, shortly after inadvertent arterial entry during attempted PICC line placement, and the focal leptomeningeal enhan...

Background/introduction While most brain tumors do not have an intact bloodbrain barrier (BBB), vascular barriers in the tumor and the surrounding intact brain tissue are major challenges for the use of chemotherapy for CNS malignancies. The permeability of brain tumor vessels can be highly heterogeneous, and factors such as high interstitial pressures can prevent agents from reaching an effect...

Background: Plant N-alkylamides (NAAs) are bio-active compounds with a broad functional spectrum. In order to reach their pharmacodynamic targets, they have to overcome several barriers of the body in the absorption phase. The permeability kinetics of spilanthol (a diene NAA) and pellitorine (a triene NAA) across these barriers (i.e. skin, oral/gut mucosa, bloodbrain barrier) were investigated....

Gliomas, particularly glioblastoma multiforme, perturb the bloodbrain barrier and cause brain edema that contributes to morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms underlying this vasogenic edema are poorly understood. We examined the effects of cocultured primary cultured human glioblastoma cells and glioma-derived growth factors on the endothelial cell tight junction proteins claudin 1, claudin 5...

generally used for diagnostic and interventional cerebral angiography. Several cases with minor complications resulting from nonionic CM have been reported (1-4). Regarding adverse events of CM, abnormal contrast enhancement have frequently been encountered up to 43% in clinical practices, and appearance of these patterns on CT scans can be various such as cortical, subarachnoid, intraventricul...

Sysyn, Gregory D., Katherine H. Petersson, Clifford S. Patlak, Grazyna B. Sadowska, and Barbara S. Stonestreet. Effects of postnatal dexamethasone on bloodbrain barrier permeability and brain water content in newborn lambs. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 280: R547–R553, 2001.—We showed that antenatal corticosteroids reduced blood-brain barrier permeability in fetuses at 60 and...