With each new tool the insurance industry obtains to evaluate both states of health and states of disease, the temptation exists to use it in as many contexts as possible. The initial understanding in the mid-1960’s that diabetic individuals have different percentages of specific hemoglobins has led to the study and refinement of the hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc), which is being used increasingly by c...

In the paper the novel soft magnetic composite system is investigated. A ferrofluid emulsion studied demonstrates the strong magnetic properties which are atypical for commonly known emulsions. Interaction of ferrofluid emulsions with a magnetic field is considered. Structural transformations in these media, such as deformation of emulsion microdroplets and emulsion inversion, are studied. The ...

We have previously reported our attempts to produce microbubble aggregations, by making use of Bjerknes force, which acts to propel microbubbles and to adjust the size of aggregations. However, because we have used simple shape of artificial blood vessels, the behavior of aggregations in a capillary, e.g., probability to obstruct in bloodstream, possibility of embolization, has not been predict...

Objectives After reading this article, the reader will be able to:  Briefly discuss the significant milestones in the search for a substitute for human blood.  List several factors driving the search for a blood substitute.  List the characteristics of an ideal blood substitute.  Name and explain the four phases of clinical trials required before a drug can be approved by the Food and Drug ...

Copyright: © 2013 Angeli F. et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a complex regulatory system with many identifiable actions. It may primarily be viewed a...

The effects of different kinds of biotic and abiotic stress on crops can be lessened through exogenous application of different biostimulant products. Although some of these products come from enzymatic hydrolysates derived from animal remains, the literature does not contain references to the use of enzymatic hydrolysates obtained from animal hemoglobin, specifi cally porcine blood. With the a...

The specific defect in molecules of sickle hemoglobin (HbS) has been known for many years (1), but the nature of the assembled polymers of HbS which distort susceptible erythrocytes remains unclear. Several structural forms of sickled hemoglobin have been observed in electron microscopic studies, including a mat-like arrangement of fibers (2), empty hexagonal crystals (3), microtubules (4), and...

BACKGROUND A satisfactory imaging technique to determine regional wall thickening of the murine myocardium is not available. Although cardiovascular imaging with light offers a novel solution, application is problematic because scattering by erythrocytes causes significant optical attenuation. METHODS AND RESULTS Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technique for detailed resolution imagin...

14 Regulatory, safety, and environmental issues have prompted the development of aqueous 15 enzymatic extraction (AEE) for extracting components from oil-bearing materials. The 16 emulsion resulting from AEE requires de-emulsification to separate the oil; when enzymes 17 are used for this purpose, the method is known as aqueous enzymatic emulsion de18 emulsification (AEED). In general, enzyme a...