This document is to serve as background technical information for engineers, specifiers, and other concrete technologists on use of limestone in hydraulic cements in amounts up to 15% (focusing on amounts between 5% and 15%). The document also provides supporting data for standardization of limestone blended cements in ASTM C595 and AASHTO M240. Environmental benefits are noted as well as a his...

this study assesses the kinetics of hydration of pulverised fuel ash and metakaolin cement pastes and compares how the rate of reaction affects the pore-characteristics and resistance to ionic ingress. the degrees of hydration for the different mixtures were evaluated, both as a function of the calcium hydroxide content and with respect to the chemically combined water contents. the reaction ra...

Abstract Decarbonization of the cement and concrete industries is one top priorities on path to a carbon-neutral economy. This article presents novel model for evaluating emissions from production metakaolin (MK) as supplementary cementitious material used in ternary blended cements (e.g., 35% metakaolin, 15% limestone, 50% portland cement) an accompanying decisions-support tool (MKC-Tool). App...

In early 1980s, researchers discovered self-setting calcium orthophosphate cements, which are a bioactive and biodegradable grafting material in the form of a powder and a liquid. Both phases form after mixing a viscous paste that after being implanted, sets and hardens within the body as either a non-stoichiometric calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) or brushite, sometimes blended with unr...