Refraction of black and gray solitons at boundaries separating different defocusing Kerr media is analyzed within a Helmholtz framework. A universal nonlinear Snell’s law is derived that describes gray soliton refraction, in addition to capturing the behavior of bright and black Kerr solitons at interfaces. Key regimes, defined by beam and interface characteristics, are identified and predictio...

the mandan and deh-now bauxite deposits are located 40 km northeast of dehdasht in kohgiloye and boyer-ahmad province in the zagros simply folded belt. the deposits were formed in the oldest rocks of the area of late cretaceous age. the bauxite horizon is situated between sarvak and ilam formations. the aim of this study is to determine the mineralogy and texture relations of the deposits in or...

Military Operations Research makes extensive use of large complex simulation models. These simulation models are often black-boxes; i.e. they are opaque and incomprehensible. A considerable effort is involved in commissioning a new model into service. We characterise this activity as the construction of gray-box approximate causal models of the functional behaviour of black-box simulation softw...