Reaction with alcohol. The glycosidic OH group of mutarotating sugars react with alcohols to form αand βglycosides or acetals. Thus, glucose forms glucosides and fructose forms fructosides. The glucosides, or glycosides in general, do not exhibit mutarotation as the aldehyde group in them is converted to the acetal group. A number of glycosides occur in nature, e.g., phlorhizin (glucose + phlor...

Cyanide is highly toxic Cyanide is one of the most toxic chemical substances on Earth. Cyanide is toxic to most aquatic life and humans, even at low concentrations. Its use in gold mining is controversial. The extreme toxicity of cyanide arises from its readiness to react with other elements and hence interfere with normal biological processes. Cyanide gas is a biological weapon and was used in...

The measured metabolizable energy (ME) of whole almonds has been shown to be less than predicted by Atwater factors. However, data are lacking on the effects of processing (roasting, chopping or grinding) on the ME of almonds. A 5-period randomized, crossover study in healthy individuals (n = 18) was conducted to measure the ME of different forms of almonds (42 g per day), as part of a controll...

UNLABELLED The objectives of this study were to measure sensory texture attributes of 5 types of almonds (blanched slivered, natural sliced, whole blanched, whole dry roasted, and natural whole) conditioned at 4 different moisture levels, to measure liking of a subset of these products, and to compare the sensory texture measurements with consumer liking ratings. Thirteen panelists trained to e...

BACKGROUND Almonds contain considerable amounts of potential prebiotic components, and the roasting process may alter these components. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro fermentation properties and in vivo prebiotic effect of raw and roasted almonds. RESULTS In vitro, predigested raw and roasted almonds promoted the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-14) and Bifidobacteri...